Rotary Instrumentation in Primary Teeth: A Review

Pediatric Endodontics has evolved a great deal in the past few decades. There are advancements in the techniques and materials used for pulpectomy therapy in primary teeth. Rotary instrumentation has been very popular and routinely technique in permanent teeth. Despite this, the manual technique is a preferred method in primary teeth. In-vitro or cross-sectional studies have revealed rotary instrumentation to be more advantageous than manual in terms of procedural time, cleaning efficiency and quality of root filling. Though instrument fracture is a potential concern with rotary files there are not enough evidence to contraindicate its use in primary teeth. This paper has briefly reviewed the literature related to the use of rotary instrumentation in primary teeth and discussed the necessity to carry out long-term clinical trials to adopt the technique in routine or contraindicate its use in primary teeth

Clinical and Radiographic Characteristics of the Primary Teeth Indicated For Pulpectomy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Introduction- Although difficult to achieve but an accurate diagnosis of pulp status is important for the success of pulp therapy in primary teeth. Clinical signs and symptoms, as well as radiographic characteristics, are important in this regard. Material and methods- This cross-sectional analysis evaluated the clinical and radiographic characteristics in 60 decayed primary mandibular second molars from children aged 4-8 years indicated for single visit pulpectomy treatment based on their history, clinical examination and radiographic examination. Results- Pain was present in 60% of cases followed by tenderness on percussion (1.7%) and sinus tract (1.7%). Evaluation of duration of onset of pulpal involvement revealed 86.7% cases had chronic involvement whereas 13.3% cases showed an acute exacerbation of chronic involvement. Irreversible pulpitis was present in 68.3% cases followed by pulp necrosis in 28.3%. Only 7 out of 60 cases indicated for pulpectomy showed radiographic involvement in periapical or furcation areas. Conclusion- Pain was the most common symptom. Majority of cases had chronic involvement and irreversible pulpitis was the most common indication for pulpectomy followed by pulp necrosis. Only a few cases indicated for pulpectomy in the present study had radiographic involvement present

Optimization of Assembly Sequence

The assembly sequence is one of the most time consuming and expensive manufacturing activities. Assembly sequence affects many of product development design and production and is relevant to many life cycle issues of the product, so assembly sequence analysis should be part of early product design. The cost of assembly on an average is 10-30% of the manufacturing cost of a commercial product. The ratio between cost and performance of assembly has increased with respect to other types of the manufacturing process and in recent years, this fact has caused a growing interest by industry in this area. Robotic assembly which is comes under the assembly sequence and also comes under the automated assembly system incorporates the use of robots for performing the useful and time taking assembly tasks. A variety of optimization tools are available for application to problem. It is difficult to model the present as an n-p problem. Finding the best assembly sequence generation involves the conventional methods or soft computing methods by following the procedure of search algorithms. Optimization of a correct and stable assembly sequence is essential for automated, semi-automated or manual assembly systems. Assembly sequence affects flexible and advanced manufacturing system in many aspects such as use of tool, cost, time, layout of area etc. To solve this kind of problems or time consuming geometric reasoning in assembly sequence, this research proposes a method to determine stable assembly sequence. The objective of the present work is to stable, generate feasible and optimal assembly sequence satisfying the assembly constraint with minimum assembly cost. The present project aims at evolving an approach for generating assembly sequence using the evolutionary technique considering of the instability of assembly motion and/or directions. To elaborate the effectiveness of the method, one soft computing method is applied to generate the optimized sequence(s)

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of extended spectrum β-lactamase ESBL producing gram negative bacilli in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Bareilly, India

Background: The increasing prevalence of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria makes empirical treatment of these infections difficult. Resistance to a wide variety of common antimicrobials has made the proliferation of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains a serious global health concern that has complicated treatment strategies and is very alarming. This study was undertaken to identify ESBL production in various gram negative bacilli isolated and to further study the antibiogram of ESBL producers and their contribution towards anti-microbial resistance.Methods: A total of 2008 samples were taken and studied for positive bacterial growth. Presence of ESBL positivity was detected using Kirby-Bauer sensitivity testing method and their antibiogram was studied. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS version 20. Chi-square test was applied wherever applicable to check the significant difference among the different groups. p value of ≤0.05 was considered to be significant.Results: A total of 2008 samples were studied. Out of which 655 gave positive bacterial growth and amongst these 312 were ESBL producers. Resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics was observed among ESBL producers and mostly imipenem, colistin and polymyxin B were the antibiotics which were sensitive to most of the strains.Conclusions: The frequency of ESBL producing strains among clinical isolates has been steadily increasing. Advance drug resistance surveillance and development of newer antibiotics is necessary to guide the appropriate and judicious antibiotic use

Evaluation of anxiolytic effect of furosemide in Albino rats

Background: Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent class of psychiatric condition. Medications commonly given for treatment can elicit several central nervous system (CNS) side-effects that patients find difficult to tolerate. So there is a need for new pharmacotherapeutic approaches to treat anxiety with greater efficacy and fewer side effects. Hence this study has been taken up to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of furosemide at three different doses (75mg/kg, 150mg/kg and 200mg/kg) in Albino rats.Methods: After obtaining approval from the institutional animal ethical committee 30 Albino rats weighing about 150-200gm were taken and divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1: Normal Saline 10ml/kg (control); Group 2: Diazepam 2mg/kg (standard); Group 3: Furosemide 150mg/kg (test group 1); Group 4: Furosemide 200mg/kg (test group 2); Group 5: Furosemide 75mg/kg + Diazepam 1mg/kg (sub threshold dose). The anxiolytic activity of furosemide was tested by elevated plus maze and digital actophotometer models. Data was analysed using one way ANOVA followed by Posthoc Tukey’s test.Results: Furosemide (150mg/kg and 200mg/kg) have shown significant increase in open arm entries (p<0.05) and time spent in open arm (p<0.05) compared to control. Also furosemide (150mg/kg and 200mg/kg) have shown statistically significant decrease in locomotor activity (p<0.05) compared to control in actophotometer model. Potentiation of time spent and number of entries in open arm and decrease in locomotor activity were noticed when sub threshold doses of combination of diazepam and furosemide were used.Conclusions: These results suggest that furosemide possesses significant anxiolytic activity at both the doses. Furosemide given in sub threshold dose potentiates the antianxiety effect of sub threshold dose of diazepam when used in combination. Hence, after further studies, furosemide can be used as an anxiolytic drug

In Search of an Ideal Test for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Kala-azar

The latex agglutination test (KAtex), direct agglutination test (DAT), and the rK39 immuno-chromatographic strip test (dipstick test) were evaluated for their role in the diagnosis and prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in India. Sera and urine samples from 455 subjects—150 confirmed visceral leishmaniasis cases, 160 endemic controls, 100 non-endemic controls, and 45 other febrile diseases—were included in the study. The sensitivity of the KAtex, DAT, and rK39 strip test was 87% [95% confidence interval (CI) 80–96], 93.3% (95% CI 88–100), and 98% (95% CI 93–100) respectively. The specificity of these tests was 98% (95% CI 93–100), 93% (95% CI 87–100), and 89% (95% CI 82–97) for the KAtex, DAT, and rK39 strip test respectively. Fifty cases were followed up and subjected to the KAtex, DAT, and rK39 strip test after 30 days of successful treatment. The DAT and rK39 strip test showed positive results in all the 50 cases whereas the KAtex showed no positive reaction in any case. Based on the results, it is concluded that the sensitivity and specificity of the DAT and rK39 strip test are comparable but the greater convenience of use of the strip test makes it a better tool for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in the peripheral areas of endemic regions whereas the sensitivity of the KAtex needs to be improved to promote its use as a first-line diagnostic test in the field-setting. It may be used for the prognosis of the disease as antigen becomes undetectable in urine after 30 days of the completion of the treatment. Alternatively, it can be used as an adjunct with rK39 for sero-epidemiological surveys

Use and inappropriate use of proton pump inhibitors in hospitalized patients

Background: The discovery of Helicobacter pylori infection in etiology of peptic ulcer disease and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in management of upper gastrointestinal diseases had been the milestones in medical science. PPI are currently being both overused and misused. In countries like India, where over 500 branded formulations of PPI are available, probability of misuse and abuse increases exponentially. The aim of the study was to find out inappropriate use of PPI, among hospitalized patients.Methods: In order to find answer to the research question a cross sectional study was conducted in indoor patient of a tertiary care private hospital at Jaipur, Rajasthan. Patients of either sex, aged 18 years or above belonging to rural and urban communities were participating in study. The sample size was 500.Results: It was noted that Inappropriate PPI use was observed in most of the hospital admitted patients (78%). Most common diagnosis among inappropriate PPI use was dengue fever (due to increased number of dengue cases during study period), followed by cerebrovascular accidents and urinary tract infection. Most common indication for appropriate PPI use was stress ulcer prophylaxis, again in dengue case (due to cardinal manifestation of thrombocytopenia).Conclusions: Almost all patients were once prescribed PPI after admission and discharged on PPI (99.2%). Thus, we recommend evidence-based prescription of PPI, to reduce side effects and excess cost

Split-State Non-Malleable Codes and Secret Sharing Schemes for Quantum Messages

Non-malleable codes are fundamental objects at the intersection of cryptography and coding theory. These codes provide security guarantees even in settings where error correction and detection are impossible, and have found applications to several other cryptographic tasks. Roughly speaking, a non-malleable code for a family of tampering functions guarantees that no adversary can tamper (using functions from this family) the encoding of a given message into the encoding of a related distinct message. Non-malleable secret sharing schemes are a strengthening of non-malleable codes which satisfy additional privacy and reconstruction properties. We first focus on the $2$-split-state tampering model, one of the strongest and most well-studied adversarial tampering models. Here, a codeword is split into two parts which are stored in physically distant servers, and the adversary can then independently tamper with each part using arbitrary functions. This model can be naturally extended to the secret sharing setting with several parties by having the adversary independently tamper with each share. Previous works on non-malleable coding and secret sharing in the split-state tampering model only considered the encoding of \emph{classical} messages. Furthermore, until the recent work by Aggarwal, Boddu, and Jain (arXiv 2022), adversaries with quantum capabilities and \emph{shared entanglement} had not been considered, and it is a priori not clear whether previous schemes remain secure in this model. In this work, we introduce the notions of split-state non-malleable codes and secret sharing schemes for quantum messages secure against quantum adversaries with shared entanglement. We also present explicit constructions of such schemes that achieve low-error non-malleability