Direct & Indirect Titrimetric Determinations of Thiocyanate Ion in Metal Salts & Complexes with Dichloramine- T & Some Further Applications of Chloramine- T

938-94

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of erythro-series pentoses and hexoses by N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide

The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-arabinose, and D-ribose with chloramine-T in alkaline medium were studied. The rate law, rate = k Chloramine-T] Sugar] HO-](2), was observed. The rate of the reaction was influenced by a change in ionic strength of the medium, and the dielectric effect was found to be negative. The latter enabled the computation of d(AB), the size of the activated complex. The reaction rate was almost doubled in deuterium oxide. Activation energies were calculated from the Arrhenius plots. HPLC and GLC-MS analyses of the products indicated that the sugars were oxidized to a mixture of aldonic acids, consisting of arabinonic, ribonic, erythronic, and glyceric acids. Based on these data, a plausible mechanism involving the aldo-enolic anions of pentoses and keto-enolic anions of hexoses is suggested. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Some Thiosemicarbazide Complexes of Pt(II) & Pd(II)

985-98

ZIPRASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE LOADED NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS (NLCS) FOR INTRANASAL DELIVERY: OPTIMIZATION AND IN VIVO STUDIES

Objective: The present study was an attempt to systemically deliver the most desirable schizophrenia drug, ziprasidone hydrochloride (ZRS) via the intranasal route using nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) approach. Methods: The desired ZRS loaded NLCs were developed using central composite statistical design and the developed formulation was monitored for improving ZRS bioavailability and their brain targeting efficacy. Results: Pharmacokinetic studies revealed a 10 fold increase (ZRS blood-brain ratio) for NLCs administered through nasal route (in comparison to intravenous route). Similarly, the concentration of ZRS (in the brain) delivered via nasal route exhibits 4 fold increment at all-time points. Conclusion: Therefore, the obtained results suggest a potential nose to brain transport of loaded ZRS by effective bypassing of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Multicenter Validation of the Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal Score as a Predictor of Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation After Neonatal Cardiac Surgery

Objectives: We sought to validate the Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score, a novel disease severity index, as a predictor of outcome in a multicenter cohort of neonates who underwent cardiac surgery. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Seven tertiary-care referral centers. Patients: Neonates defined as age less than or equal to 30 days at the time of cardiac surgery. Interventions: Ventilation index, Vasoactive-Inotrope Score, serum lactate, and Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score were recorded for three postoperative time points: ICU admission, 6 hours, and 12 hours. Peak values, defined as the highest of the three measurements, were also noted. Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal was calculated as follows: ventilation index + Vasoactive-Inotrope Score + Δ creatinine (change in creatinine from baseline × 10). Primary outcome was prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, defined as greater than 96 hours. Receiver operative characteristic curves were generated, and abilities of variables to correctly classify prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation were compared using area under the curve values. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was also performed. Measurements and Main Results: We reviewed 275 neonates. Median age at surgery was 7 days (25th–75th percentile, 5–12 d), 86 (31%) had single ventricle anatomy, and 183 (67%) were classified as Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Congenital Heart Surgery Mortality Category 4 or 5. Prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation occurred in 89 patients (32%). At each postoperative time point, the area under the curve for prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly greater for the Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score as compared to the ventilation index, Vasoactive-Inotrope Score, and serum lactate, with an area under the curve for peak Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.77–0.88). On multivariable analysis, peak Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score was independently associated with prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, odds ratio (per 1 unit increase): 1.08 (95% CI, 1.04–1.12). Conclusions: In this multicenter cohort of neonates who underwent cardiac surgery, the Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score was a reliable predictor of postoperative outcome and outperformed more traditional measures of disease complexity and severity

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SOLID SELF MICRO EMULSIFYING DISPERSIBLE TABLET OF PIROXICAM

Objective: The aim of this study was to formulate the solid self-micro emulsifying dispersible tablets for promoting the dissolution of Piroxicam. Methods: Solubility study test was performed to know the solubility of various oil phase, surfactants, cosurfactants. Self-emulsifying grading test was done by visual grading system. Ternary phase diagrams and droplet size analysis test were performed to screen and optimize the Piroxicam-self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDS). Then microcrystalline cellulose (KG802) was added as a suitable adsorbent and dispersible tablet were prepared by wet granulation compression method. Results: The final composition of Piroxicam-SMEDS was oil phase (oleic acid, 23%), surfactant (Cremophor R H-40,61%), co-surfactant (PEG-400,16%) based on the result of solubility test, self-emulsifying grading test, droplet size analysis and ternary phase diagrams. Microcrystalline cellulose (KG802) was selected based on dissolution study (98.35%) and added to liquid Piroxicam-Smeds formulation to form dispersible tablets. The in vitro dissolution study showed 98.02 % of drug release from Piroxicam-SMEDS tablets. Conclusion: Piroxicam–Self microemulsifying dispersible tablets have increased the solubility and bioavailability of the Piroxicam to a greater extent. SMEDS formulation can help the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PROBIOTIC AND PREBIOTIC LOADED PELLETS BY EXTRUSION AND SPHERONIZATION FOR IMPROVED STORAGE VIABILITY

Objective: The present study aims to prepare stains-loaded enteric-coated pellets by extrusion and spheronization technique for acidic environment protection and improve the viability of the strains during storage. Methods: Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum strains are proven to have various therapeutic and prophylactic uses in human beings, but low stability during storage and transit to site of action has limited their action. Pellets were prepared by incorporating probiotic strains D1-D9 (L. casei) and E1-E9 (L. plantarum) by further enteric-coating the pellets, which were evaluated for particle size, loss on drying, friability, micromeritic properties, viability, disintegration, survivability in acidic and bile juices, and stability studies for 90 d respectively. Results: The method employed for preparing the pellets showed good % yields with a particle rage of 1400-850 µm. LoD values were in the range of 3.07±0.30% to 2.13±0.11%; all the prepared pellets showed good flow properties and friability in an acceptable range. SEM images revealed that enteric-coated pellets had smooth and uniformly surfaces. The viability results ranged from 8.78±0.31 to 8.53±0.15 log CFU/g and 8.47±0.15 to 8.85±0.22 log CFU/g for both L. casei and L. plantarum enteric coated pellets, respectively. The Disintegration time for the pellets was<15 min in all the formulations. The enteric-coated probiotic pellets provided adequate protection against the acidic environment. Studies of survivability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions demonstrated that formulations D7 and E7 showed higher viability among the formulations at the end of 3 h. The stability studies showed that the formulations with a higher concentration of Inulin and pectin combination proved better viability of L. casei and L. plantarum strains in the formulation during 90 d of stability study. Conclusion: This study suggested that using extrusion and spheronization techniques can be employed to prepare pellets with prebiotics (Inulin and Pectin) which can be utilized to formulate probiotic dosage forms with improved viability in physiological conditions and real-time storage condition