Patterns of anxiety symptoms in toddlers and preschool-age children: Evidence of early differentiation

The degree to which young children’s anxiety symptoms differentiate according to diagnostic groupings is under-studied, especially in children below the age of 4 years. Theoretical (confirmatory factor analysis, CFA) and statistical (exploratory factor analysis, EFA) analytical methods were employed to test the hypothesis that anxiety symptoms among 2–3-year-old children from a non-clinical, representative sample would differentiate in a manner consistent with current diagnostic nosology. Anxiety symptom items were selected from two norm-referenced parent-report scales of child behavior. CFA and EFA results suggested that anxiety symptoms aggregate in a manner consistent with generalized anxiety, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, separation anxiety, and social phobia. Multi-dimensional models achieved good model fit and fit the data significantly better than undifferentiated models. Results from EFA and CFA methods were predominantly consistent and supported the grouping of early childhood anxiety symptoms into differentiated, diagnostic-specific categories

An Ecological Risk Model for Early Childhood Anxiety: The Importance of Early Child Symptoms and Temperament

Childhood anxiety is impairing and associated with later emotional disorders. Studying risk factors for child anxiety may allow earlier identification of at-risk children for prevention efforts. This study applied an ecological risk model to address how early childhood anxiety symptoms, child temperament, maternal anxiety and depression symptoms, violence exposure, and sociodemographic risk factors predict school-aged anxiety symptoms. This longitudinal, prospective study was conducted in a representative birth cohort (n=1109). Structural equation modeling was used to examine hypothesized associations between risk factors measured in toddlerhood/preschool (age=3.0 years) and anxiety symptoms measured in kindergarten (age=6.0 years) and second grade (age= 8.0 years). Early child risk factors (anxiety symptoms and temperament) emerged as the most robust predictor for both parent-and child-reported anxiety outcomes and mediated the effects of maternal and family risk factors. Implications for early intervention and prevention studies are discussed

Collisions of electrons and ions with hydrogen atoms Final report, 8 May 1967 - 7 May 1968

Excitation of hydrogen atoms under impact of ions and electron

Lost Toy? Monsters Under the Bed? Contributions of Temperament and Family Factors to Early Internalizing Problems in Boys and Girls

This study was designed to examine the contribution of multiple risk factors to early internalizing problems and to investigate whether family and ecological context moderated the association between child temperament and internalizing outcomes. A sample of 1,202 mothers of 2- and 3-year-old children completed a survey of child social-emotional functioning, family environment, and violence exposure. Child temperament, maternal affective symptoms, and family expressiveness were associated with child anxiety and depression problems. Violence exposure was related only to child anxiety. When maternal affective symptoms were elevated, inhibited girls but not boys were rated as more anxious and youngsters with heightened negative emotionality were rated as more depressed. Family expressiveness moderated the association between inhibited temperament and anxiety symptoms

Role of sediments in controlling the dynamics of paleo-ice sheets

The motion of glacial ice is predominantly controlled by basal conditions, which include a variety of parameters such as ice rheology, temperature, water content, the presence of sediments, and topography. Soft sediment deformation has long been hypothesized to be a dominant control on the size and dynamics of temperate ice sheets such as the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The transition from hard-bedded regions (areas that lack significant sediment cover) to soft sediment areas put a limit on the maximum volume of these ice sheets. When the ice sheet margin reached soft sediment cover, it may have caused the ice sheet to surge, with global-scale climatic impacts. Current generation ice sheet models only have limited control on how sediments modify the behavior of an ice sheet. We present a model of sediment deformation that can take into account the thickness, lithology and hydrology at the base of the ice sheet using the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). We assess how changes in sediment properties affect the advance and retreat of the ice sheet, including standstills in the margin when the ice sheet becomes restricted to the hard-bedded interior areas. We apply this model to the Wisconsin Glaciation (~85-11 kyrs ago) of the Laurentide ice sheet. We show how the distribution of sediments affect its growth and retreat. We specifically focus on how the soft bedded Hudson Bay impeded the growth of the ice sheet, up to the lead up to the Last Glacial Maximum. We also investigate the relationship between Dansgaard–Oeschger and Heinrich events and the basal dynamics of the ice sheets

Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor by Skilled Birth Attendants In a Rural Regional Hospital In Southern Ethiopia: A Qualitative Case Study

In Ethiopia, as in many developing countries, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality. PPH can be prevented through a three-step practice called active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL), which can be learned by a skilled birth attendant (SBA). However, most SBAs have not adopted AMTSL into practice. The purpose of this case study was to investigate the use of AMTSL among SBAs in a rural regional hospital in southern Ethiopia. Six theoretical propositions and a conceptual framework were designed to guide the research and analysis. In-depth interviews were conducted with SBAs who worked at the regional hospital in the labor and delivery ward. Internal and external factors of influence on the decision-making process during the management of the third stage of labor by the SBAs were identified and discussed. The participants believe they practice AMSTL despite not meeting criteria. The findings by individual components of AMSTL revealed the use of a uterotonic now considered the most important component in the prevention of PPH. Oxytocin, the uterotonic of choice, was given within the relaxed time frame. Findings of concern suggest a lack of understanding that all women are at risk for PPH and that every woman giving birth should receive AMTSL. An area of even greater concern was the lack of follow-up uterine palpation, which may indicate a lack of patient surveillance during the time of greatest risk. The recommendations for practice show a significant responsibility to improve quality of pre-service and in-service education and training to ensure AMTSL is practiced by every SBA at every birth

Attention bias and anxiety in young children exposed to family violence

Background—Attention bias towards threat is associated with anxiety in older youth and adults and has been linked with violence exposure. Attention bias may moderate the relationship between violence exposure and anxiety in young children. Capitalizing on measurement advances, the current study examines these relationships at a younger age than previously possible. Methods—Young children (mean age 4.7, ±0.8) from a cross-sectional sample oversampled for violence exposure (N = 218) completed the dot-probe task to assess their attention biases. Observed fear/anxiety was characterized with a novel observational paradigm, the Anxiety Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Mother-reported symptoms were assessed with the Preschool-Age Psychiatric Assessment and Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children. Violence exposure was characterized with dimensional scores reflecting probability of membership in two classes derived via latent class analysis from the Conflict Tactics Scales: Abuse and Harsh Parenting. Results—Family violence predicted greater child anxiety and trauma symptoms. Attention bias moderated the relationship between violence and anxiety