38 research outputs found

    LA REGULATION INDUSTRIELLE DES ECHANGEURS DE CHALEUR CALCUL ET DIMENSIONNEMENT

    Get PDF
    La majoritĂ© des processus industriels nĂ©cessitent de contrĂŽler un certain nombre de paramĂštres: tempĂ©rature, pression, niveau, dĂ©bit, pH, concentration d’oxygĂšne, etc. Il appartient Ă  la chaĂźne de rĂ©gulation (et plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement Ă  la chaĂźne d’asservissement) de maintenir Ă  des niveaux prĂ©dĂ©terminĂ©s les paramĂštres qui rĂ©gissent le fonctionnement du processus.L’objectif de ce travail est l’étude de la rĂ©gulation industrielle d’un Ă©changeurs de chaleur Ă  faisceau et calandre ou circulent deux fluides(vapeur, eau), puis faire le calcul thermique et hydraulique qui a pour but le dimensionnement d’un Ă©changeur de chaleur, en adoptant la mĂ©thode de KERN , afin de rechercher un coefficient d’échange global Ă©levĂ© pour une puissance thermique donnĂ©e avec le minimum de perte de charg

    Utilisation de la terre cuite comme matériau support du filtre anaérobie pour le traitement des eau résiduaires

    Get PDF
    Les performances de trois filtres anaérobies F1, F2 et F3 à l'échelle du laboratoire, à base de terre cuite comme matériau support de la biomasse, ont été comparées. Les porosités des lits pour les trois réacteurs ont été de 81% pour F1 de 85% pour F2 et de 88% pour F3. A l'état stationnaire, 5 temps de rétention hydraulique allant de 2 à 0.5 jours, avec des charges organiques allant de 2 à 8.24 kg DCO/rrl.j, ont été utilisés. Durant toute l'expérimentation, les filtres anaérobies ont présenté des conditions favorables de stabilité. De plus, des efficacités de rabattement de DCO élevées ont été obtenues: la terre cuite est un support efficace pour le traitement des eaux résiduaires des IAA par filtre anaérobie. Les trois réacteurs ont présenté des efficacités de traitement comparables, fétant le meilleur. La réduction en DCO a varié de 97.5 à 86.5% pour F1, de 96.5 à 83% pour F2 et de 95 à 79% F3. Le rendement en production de méthane était de 0.29 m3/kg DCO enlevée pour F1 pour de 0.26 pour F2 et de 0.23 pour F3

    Alternative splicing of hepatitis B virus: A novel virus/host interaction altering liver immunity

    Get PDF
    This work was supported by grants from Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm) – France, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) – France, Agence National de la Recherche sur le Sida et les Hepatites (ANRS) – France (n° N14015DR) and PHC-Tassili (11MDU826). MD was supported by ANRS (grant ASA14013DRA). YM was supported by French Ministry for Higher Education and Research and by the Ligue contre le Cancer (grant n° GB/MA/VSP-10504)

    Evolutionary history of hepatitis C virus genotype 5a in France, a multicenter ANRS study

    Get PDF
    The epidemic history of HCV genotype 5a is poorly documented in France, where its prevalence is very low, except in a small central area, where it accounts for 14.2% of chronic hepatitis C cases. A Bayesian coalescent phylogenetic investigation based on the E1 envelope gene and a non-structural genomic segment (NS3/4) was carried out to trace the origin of this epidemic using a large sample of genotype 5a isolates collected throughout France. The dates of documented transmissions by blood transfusion were used to calibrate five nodes in the phylogeny. The results of the E1 gene analysis showed that the best-fitting population dynamic model was the expansion growth model under a relaxed molecular clock. The rate of nucleotide substitutions and time to the most recent common ancestors (tMRCA) of genotype 5a isolates were estimated. The divergence of all the French HCV genotype 5a strains included in this study was dated to 1939 [95% HPD: 1921–1956], and the tMRCA of isolates from central France was dated to 1954 [1942–1967], which is in agreement with epidemiological data. NS3/4 analysis provided similar estimates with strongly overlapping HPD values. Phylodynamic analyses give a plausible reconstruction of the evolutionary history of HCV genotype 5a in France, suggesting the concomitant roles of transfusion, iatrogenic route and intra-familial transmission in viral diffusion

    Alternative splicing of hepatitis B virus: A novel virus/host interaction altering liver immunity

    Get PDF
    Background & Aims: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA can undergo alternative splicing, but the relevance of this post-transcriptional regulation remains elusive. The mechanism of HBV alternative splicing regulation and its impact on liver pathogenesis were investigated. Methods: HBV RNA-interacting proteins were identified by RNA pull-down, combined with mass spectrometry analysis. HBV splicing regulation was investigated in chemically and surgically induced liver damage, in whole HBV genome transgenic mice and in hepatoma cells. Viral and endogenous gene expression were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Resident liver immune cells were studied by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Results: HBV pregenomic RNA-interacting proteins were identified and 15% were directly related to the splicing machinery. Expression of these splicing factors was modulated in HBV transgenic mice with liver injuries and contributed to an increase of the HBV spliced RNA encoding for HBV splicing-generated protein (HBSP). HBSP transgenic mice with chemically induced liver fibrosis exhibited attenuated hepatic damage. The protective effect of HBSP resulted from a decrease of inflammatory monocyte/macrophage recruitment through downregulation of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) expression in hepatocytes. In human hepatoma cells, the ability of HBSP to control CCL2 expression was confirmed and maintained in a whole HBV context. Finally, viral spliced RNA detection related to a decrease of CCL2 expression in the livers of HBV chronic carriers underscored this mechanism. Conclusion: The microenvironment, modified by liver injury, increased HBSP RNA expression through splicing factor regulation, which in turn controlled hepatocyte chemokine synthesis. This feedback mechanism provides a novel insight into liver immunopathogenesis during HBV infection. Lay summary: Hepatitis B virus persists for decades in the liver of chronically infected patients. Immune escape is one of the main mechanisms developed by this virus to survive. Our study highlights how the crosstalk between virus and liver infected cells may contribute to this immune escape
    corecore