Developing Effective Study Programmes for Public Administrators

Summary This article examines the essential aspects of the provision of programmes for overseas public services—their establishment, design, implementation and evaluation. The areas analysed include the establishment of needs for study and training: approaches and orientation; formulation of policy on programme development, location and design; direction and management of programmes and staff resources; design functions, models, patterns, the search for balance and viability; roles and the contributions of support staff; communications procedures and detail; publicity and public relations; evaluation objectives, agents, procedures and contaminants. Resume Mise au point de programmes d'étude efficaces pour les administrateurs publics Cet article examine les principaux aspects de la production de programmes pour les services publics d'outre?mer—leur établissement, conception, mise en place et évaluation. Les domaines analysés couvrent l'identification des besoins en ce qui concerne les études et la formation; méthodes et orientation; élaboration d'une politique pour la mise au point de programmes, leur situation et leur conception; direction et gestion des programmes et ressources en personnel; fonctions de la conception, modèles, formules, recherche de l'équilibre et de la viabilité; rôles et contribution du personnel auxiliaire; procédures de communication et détails; publicité et relations extérieures; objectifs d'évaluation, agents, procédures et facteurs de contamination. Resumen Desarrollo de programas de estudio eficaces para Administradores Públicos En este artículo se examinan los aspectos fundamentales que intervienen en la preparación de programas para los servicios públicos de ultramar—su establecimiento, confección, ejecución y evaluación. Las esferas analizadas incluyen el establecimiento de las necesidades para el estudio y formación; actitudes y orientación; formulación de política sobre la elaboración, situación y confección del programa; dirección y gerencia de programas y recursos de personal; funciones de concepción, modelos, modalidades, la búsqueda de equilibrio y viabilidad; funciones y aportaciones del personal de apoyo; procedimientos y detalle de las comunicaciones; publicidad y relaciones públicas; objetivos de evaluación, agentes, procedimientos y contaminantes

Characterization of the Ubiquitin N-end Rule Pathway in Arabidopsis

The control of intracellular protein homeostasis is essential for the ability of plants to grow under different physiological conditions, as well as respond to various biotic or abiotic stresses. One of the ways that cells achieve this equilibrium is through the targeted proteolysis of proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. A subset of this system, termed the N-end rule pathway, relates the in vivo longevity of a substrate protein to the nature of its N-terminal amino acid. Although the N-end rule pathway is known to regulate numerous physiological processes in plants relatively few substrates of the pathway have been identified to date. In this study experiments were conducted aimed at identifying N-end rule substrates in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. One group of candidate substrates is generated after their proteolytic cleavage by a bacterial effector protein. The transient expression of these candidate N-end rule substrates in tobacco coupled with pathogen inoculation and biochemical methods led to the identification of a group of protein fragments that are likely novel N-end rule substrates. Experiments were also conducted towards developing a molecular tagging tool with the aim of conducting a proteome-wide screen for N-end rule substrates. Additionally, experiments were carried out to characterize a component of the Arabidopsis N-end rule pathway by expressing this enzyme in the yeast S. cerevisiae under different conditions. This study will allow for a further understanding of the involvement of the N-end rule pathway in plant-pathogen interactions and provides several novel N-end rule substrates for future experiments aimed at dissecting the diverse functions of this pathway in plants

Becoming the Cat Lady

Emma Baronne is mourning her lifelong dream of losing her teeth. When her company folds and her on-again-off-again boyfriend gets engaged to another woman, Emma wants to make a fort in the living room and never come out. But, she soon realizes – with the help of her quirky Catholic family and a coven of French Quarter cat ladies – puberty is often easier the second time around

Animal Remains from Ohio Rock Shelters

Author Institution: The Ohio State Museum, Columbus 1

The resistance of an established profession towards an emergent occupation

Merged with duplicate record 10026.1/825 on 01.02.2017 by CS (TIS)This study examines the relationship between orthopaedic and podiatric surgeons which has formed since the NHS reforms of the 1990s facilitated the establishment of podiatric surgery as a mainstream health-care service. Relations between these two disciplines are considered against the traditional background of dominance of health-care by the medical profession. The study seeks to understand the resistance shown towards podiatric surgery by orthopaedic surgeons and to determine if there is a willingness among orthopaedic and podiatric surgeons, respectively, to develop a more satisfactory working relationship. Two methods of data collection were employed to gather information on the views of orthopaedic surgeons on podiatric surgery. Firstly, questionnaires were sent to all Fellows of the British Orthopaedic Association with the intention to collect a breadth of data. In this way a total population was contacted by means of the survey. Secondly, personal interviews were undertaken with fifty orthopaedic surgeons who indicated a willingness to take part in their questionnaire responses. These interviews were designed to add richness and depth to the data gathered from the questionnaires. All podiatric surgeons in the UK were also sent questionnaires in order to investigate their professional experiences with, and their attitudes towards, orthopaedic surgeons. Once again, a total population was surveyed. A range of attitudes towards podiatric surgery was found among orthopaedic surgeons but significant opposition was identified. Reasons for this opposition are multi-factorial and complex. Overall, there appears to be an imperative to maintain control and, therefore, medical dominance over a competing occupation. For some orthopaedic surgeons, this control is perceived as necessary if the prestige and status of orthopaedic surgeons are to be protected. For others, collaboration with podiatric surgeons is a possibility although many orthopaedic surgeons have reservations about a formal union which often result from a lack of understanding about many aspects of podiatric surgery. Podiatric surgeons are generally in favour of developing closer links with orthopaedic surgeons, though they have concerns about a possible loss of autonomy arising from any collaboration. The development of a closer working relationship between orthopaedic and podiatric surgeons could have benefits for health-care but it seems likely that this may only occur on a gradual basis and through negotiations conducted at local levels

Comparing French syllabification in preliterate children and adults

The influence of development and literacy upon syllabification in French was evaluated by comparing the segmental behavior of 4- to 5-year-old proliferate children and adults using a pause insertion task. Participants were required to repeat bisyllabic words such as "fourmi" (ant) by inserting a pause between its two syllabic components (/fur/-/mi/). In the first experiment we tested segmentation over a range of 49 double intervocalic consonant clusters. A similar general segmentation behavior was observed in both age groups, with a pattern that fit the predictions from a legality principle-based model of syllabification. Experiment 2 revealed that opacity between phonological and orthographic representations lead to increased ambisyllabic responses and a reduction in segmentation consistency in adults. In total, these findings indicate that syllabic forms are consistently represented from an early age, but that segmentation in metalinguistic tasks is susceptible to contamination from spelling and etymological knowledge. © 2007 Cambridge University Press