Serratia symbiotica from the Aphid Cinara cedri: A Missing Link from Facultative to Obligate Insect Endosymbiont

The genome sequencing of Buchnera aphidicola BCc from the aphid Cinara cedri, which is the smallest known Buchnera genome, revealed that this bacterium had lost its symbiotic role, as it was not able to synthesize tryptophan and riboflavin. Moreover, the biosynthesis of tryptophan is shared with the endosymbiont Serratia symbiotica SCc, which coexists with B. aphidicola in this aphid. The whole-genome sequencing of S. symbiotica SCc reveals an endosymbiont in a stage of genome reduction that is closer to an obligate endosymbiont, such as B. aphidicola from Acyrthosiphon pisum, than to another S. symbiotica, which is a facultative endosymbiont in this aphid, and presents much less gene decay. The comparison between both S. symbiotica enables us to propose an evolutionary scenario of the transition from facultative to obligate endosymbiont. Metabolic inferences of B. aphidicola BCc and S. symbiotica SCc reveal that most of the functions carried out by B. aphidicola in A. pisum are now either conserved in B. aphidicola BCc or taken over by S. symbiotica. In addition, there are several cases of metabolic complementation giving functional stability to the whole consortium and evolutionary preservation of the actors involved

Microbial Succession in the Gut: Directional Trends of Taxonomic and Functional Change in a Birth Cohort of Spanish Infants

In spite of its major impact on life-long health, the process of microbial succession in the gut of infants remains poorly understood. Here, we analyze the patterns of taxonomic and functional change in the gut microbiota during the first year of life for a birth cohort of 13 infants. We detect that individual instances of gut colonization vary in the temporal dynamics of microbiota richness, diversity, and composition at both functional and taxonomic levels. Nevertheless, trends discernible in a majority of infants indicate that gut colonization occurs in two distinct phases of succession, separated by the introduction of solid foods to the diet. This change in resource availability causes a sharp decrease in the taxonomic richness of the microbiota due to the loss of rare taxa (p = 2.06e-9), although the number of core genera shared by all infants increases substantially. Moreover, although the gut microbial succession is not strictly deterministic, we detect an overarching directionality of change through time towards the taxonomic and functional composition of the maternal microbiota. Succession is however not complete by the one year mark, as significant differences remain between one-year-olds and their mothers in terms of taxonomic (p = 0.009) and functional (p = 0.004) microbiota composition, and in taxonomic richness (p = 2.76e-37) and diversity (p = 0.016). Our results also indicate that the taxonomic composition of the microbiota shapes its functional capacities. Therefore, the observed inter-individual variability in taxonomic composition during succession is not fully compensated by functional equivalence among bacterial genera and may have important physiological consequences. Finally, network analyses suggest that positive interactions among core genera during community assembly contribute to ensure their permanence within the gut, and highlight an expansion of complexity in the interactions network as the core of taxa shared by all infants grows following the introduction of solid foods

¿Cómo influye el tratamiento intensivo de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de los pacientes diabéticos?

ObjetivosValorar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de los diabéticos tras la aplicación de un protocolo de tratamiento intensivo para control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV).DiseñoEnsayo clínico aleatorizado por agrupaciones. Muestreo de conveniencia de 65 médicos de atención primaria (AP), asignación aleatoria al grupo control e intervención. Muestreo aleatorio sistemático de los diabéticos de cada médico.El seguimiento de los pacientes del grupo control se realizó mediante la práctica habitual y del grupo intervención a través del protocolo de tratamiento intensivo para el control de los FRCV.EmplazamientoEl estudio se realizó en 17 centros de salud de la Comunidad Valenciana.ParticipantesSe incluyó a 184 pacientes, 93 en el grupo control y 91 en el grupo de intervención. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: diabéticos tipo 2 entre 45 y 70 años, diabetes de 2 a 20 años de evolución y riesgo cardiovascular mayor del 20% a los 10 años (ecuación de Framingham). Los criterios de exclusión fueron: antecedentes de cardiopatía isquémica, enfermedad terminal, cirrosis hepática, insuficiencia renal, insuficiencia cardíaca de grados III-IV y alteraciones mentales.Los pacientes autocumplimentaron los cuestionarios de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud: COOP/WONCA y ADDQoL al inicio y a los 6 y 12 meses.Mediciones principalesValores medios de viñetas COOP/WONCA y ADDQoL. Comparación entre grupos mediante el test de la U de Mann-Whitney. El seguimiento de cada grupo se realizó con la prueba de Wilcoxon.ResultadosNo encontramos diferencias significativas en las viñetas COOP/WONCA. A los 12 meses sólo encontramos diferencias significativas en la viñeta sentimientos (p=0,024; grupo control 1,86±1,03; grupo intervención 2,23±1,11). Se observa un impacto negativo de la diabetes en todas las dimensiones del ADDQoL. No se han encontrado diferencias en el ADDQoL entre los grupos ni a lo largo del estudio. El impacto más negativo se obtiene en las dimensiones relacionadas con la dieta.ConclusionesLa CVRS en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 no resulta afectada por el tratamiento intensivo de los FRCV. La diabetes tiene un impacto negativo en la CVRS de los individuos del estudio.ObjectiveTo assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in diabetic patients who have followed a protocol of intensive treatment of cardiovascular risks (CVR).DesignClinical trial randomised by cluster. A convenience sample of 65 primary care practitioners, randomly assigned to a control or intervention group. Patients were selected by systematic sampling from diabetic lists. The followup for the control group was by normal practice and the intervention group by using the intensive control of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) protocol.SettingSeventeen health-centres in the Valencia Community, Spain.ParticipantsOne hundred and eighty-four patients, 93 in the control group and 91 in the intervention group. Inclusion criteria: patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2, aged between 45-75 years, DM for more than 2 years and less than 20 years and a cardiovascular risk (CVR) >20% after 10 years (Framingham equation). The exclusion criteria were: history of ischaemic heart disease, terminal illness, hepatic cirrhosis, renal failure, grade III-IV cardiac failure, and mental disorders.The patients self-completed the Spanish versions of the COOP/WONCA charts and a diabetes-specific tool (ADDQol questionnaire) at the start, and after 6 months and 12 months.Main measurementsMeans of COOP/WONCA charts and ADDQol. Comparison between groups using Mann-Whitney U test, and the group follow ups using the Wilcoxon test.ResultsNo significant differences were found in the COOP/WONCA charts. At 12 months the only significant difference was in the feelings chart (P=. 024; control group 1.86±1.03: intervention group 2.23±1.11). A negative impact of diabetes was seen in all the dimensions of ADDQoL. The most negative impact of diabetes was related to diet. There were no significant differences between groups in the ADDQoL throughout the study.Conclusions The HRQoL in diabetic patients is not affected by intensive therapy of cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetes has a negative impact on HRQoL in the patients studied

Microbial Succession in the Gut: Directional Trends of Taxonomic and Functional Change in a Birth Cohort of Spanish Infants

In spite of its major impact on life-long health, the process of microbial succession in the gut of infants remains poorly understood. Here, we analyze the patterns of taxonomic and functional change in the gut microbiota during the first year of life for a birth cohort of 13 infants. We detect that individual instances of gut colonization vary in the temporal dynamics of microbiota richness, diversity, and composition at both functional and taxonomic levels. Nevertheless, trends discernible in a majority of infants indicate that gut colonization occurs in two distinct phases of succession, separated by the introduction of solid foods to the diet. This change in resource availability causes a sharp decrease in the taxonomic richness of the microbiota due to the loss of rare taxa (p = 2.06e-9), although the number of core genera shared by all infants increases substantially. Moreover, although the gut microbial succession is not strictly deterministic, we detect an overarching directionality of change through time towards the taxonomic and functional composition of the maternal microbiota. Succession is however not complete by the one year mark, as significant differences remain between one-year-olds and their mothers in terms of taxonomic (p = 0.009) and functional (p = 0.004) microbiota composition, and in taxonomic richness (p = 2.76e-37) and diversity (p = 0.016). Our results also indicate that the taxonomic composition of the microbiota shapes its functional capacities. Therefore, the observed inter-individual variability in taxonomic composition during succession is not fully compensated by functional equivalence among bacterial genera and may have important physiological consequences. Finally, network analyses suggest that positive interactions among core genera during community assembly contribute to ensure their permanence within the gut, and highlight an expansion of complexity in the interactions network as the core of taxa shared by all infants grows following the introduction of solid foods. © 2014 Vallès et al.This work has been supported by the Spanish MICINN (project SAF2009-13032-C02-02 and project CSD2009-00006 of the CONSOLIDER program). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer Reviewe

Metatranscriptomic Approach to Analyze the Functional Human Gut Microbiota

The human gut is the natural habitat for a large and dynamic bacterial community that has a great relevance for health. Metagenomics is increasing our knowledge of gene content as well as of functional and genetic variability in this microbiome. However, little is known about the active bacteria and their function(s) in the gastrointestinal tract. We performed a metatranscriptomic study on ten healthy volunteers to elucidate the active members of the gut microbiome and their functionality under conditions of health. First, the microbial cDNAs obtained from each sample were sequenced using 454 technology. The analysis of 16S transcripts showed the phylogenetic structure of the active microbial community. Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Rickenellaceae were the predominant families detected in the active microbiota. The characterization of mRNAs revealed a uniform functional pattern in healthy individuals. The main functional roles of the gut microbiota were carbohydrate metabolism, energy production and synthesis of cellular components. In contrast, housekeeping activities such as amino acid and lipid metabolism were underrepresented in the metatranscriptome. Our results provide new insights into the functionality of the complex gut microbiota in healthy individuals. In this RNA-based survey, we also detected small RNAs, which are important regulatory elements in prokaryotic physiology and pathogenicity

Massive presence of insertion sequences in the genome of SOPE, the primary endosymbiont of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae

Bacteria that establish an obligate intracellular relationship with eukaryotic hosts undergo an evolutionary genomic reductive process. Recent studies have shown an increase in the number of mobile elements in the first stage of the adaptive process towards intracellular life, although these elements are absent in ancient endosymbionts. Here, the genome of SOPE, the obligate mutualistic endosymbiont of rice weevils, was used as a model to analyze the initial events that occur after symbiotic integration. During the first phases of the SOPE genome project, four different types of insertion sequence (IS) elements, belonging to well-characterized IS families from γ-proteobacteria, were identified. In the present study, these elements, which may represent more than 20% of the complete genome, were completely characterized; their relevance as a source of gene inactivation, chromosomal rearrangements, and as participants in the genome reductive process are discussed herein. [Int Microbiol 2008; 11(1): 41-48

Valorisation of Persimmon and Blueberry By-Products to Obtain Functional Powders: in vitro Digestion and Fermentation by Gut Microbiota

This document is the unedited Author's version of a Submitted Work that was subsequently accepted for publication in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02088[EN] Globalization of fruit and vegetable markets generates overproduction, surpluses, and potentially valuable residues. The valorization of these byproducts constitutes a challenge, to ensure sustainability and reintroduce them into the food chain. This work focuses on blueberry and persimmon residues, rich in polyphenols and carotenoids, to obtain powders with high added value to be used as ingredients in food formulation. These powders have been characterized, and the changes in the bioactive compounds in in vitro gastrointestinal digestion have been evaluated. The results indicated that the type of residue, the drying process, as well as the content and type of fiber determine the release of antioxidants during digestion. In vitro colonic fermentations were also performed, and it was observed that the characteristics of digested powders had an effect on the composition of the growing microbial community. Thus, carotenoids and anthocyanins maintain an interplay with microbiota that could be beneficial for human health.This study was supported by the Polisabio grant (P32) from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and FISABIO and also financially supported by the Generalitat Valenciana (Project AICO/2017/049).Bas-Bellver, C.; Andrés, C.; Seguí Gil, L.; Barrera Puigdollers, C.; Jiménez-Hernández, N.; Artacho, A.; Betoret Valls, N.... (2020). Valorisation of Persimmon and Blueberry By-Products to Obtain Functional Powders: in vitro Digestion and Fermentation by Gut Microbiota. 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