Bernardin Frankapan i Krbavska bitka: je li spasio sebe i malobrojne ili je pobjegao iz boja?

Veliki poraz hrvatske vojske od Osmanlija na Krbavskom polju 9. rujna 1493. predstavlja jednu od najvažnijih epizoda u dugotrajnom obrambenom ratu Hrvata protiv Osmanlija. Iako su uzroci i posljedice, pa i sam tijek bitke, već u znatnoj mjeri prikazani u starijoj i novijoj hrvatskoj historiografiji, ipak su uloga i djelovanje kneza Bernardina Frankapana u samoj bitki i događajima koji su joj prethodili, ostali u značajnoj mjeri nerasvijetljeni i nerazjašnjeni. Autor na osnovi sačuvanih pisanih i arheoloških svjedočanstva, kao i nakon uvida na terenu, analizira događaje koji su prethodili Bernardinovu povlačenju iz bitke, pokušavajući odgonetnuti uzroke i motive takova poteza. Isto tako, detaljnijim uvidom u sačuvana pisana svjedočanstva o događajima prije Krbavske bitke, pokušava objasniti odnose između bana Derenčina i knezova Frankapana.The great defeat of Croatian army against ottoman troops in the battle of Krbava field (9th September 1493) is one of the most important episode in long–lasting defensive war against Ottoman Empire. Although, the causes and the consequences, and the very duration of the battle, are already elaborated in older and newer Croatian historiography, the role and actions of the duke Bernardin Frankapan in the events before battle and in the battle are still not illuminated and dismissed. Analyzing the written sources and archeological artifacts, author describes events that are preceded Bernardin’s evacuation from the battle. He is, also, trying to figure out the motives and causes of such actions. Further more, by detailing analysis of written sources about events before battle of Krbava field, author clarifies relationships between banus Derenčin and ducal family of Frankapan

Exsolution trends and co-segregation aspects of self-grown catalyst nanoparticles in perovskites

In perovskites, exsolution of transition metals has been proposed as a smart catalyst design for energy applications. Although there exist transition metals with superior catalytic activity, they are limited by their ability to exsolve under a reducing environment. When a doping element is present in the perovskite, it is often observed that the surface segregation of the doping element is changed by oxygen vacancies. However, the mechanism of co-segregation of doping element with oxygen vacancies is still an open question. Here we report trends in the exsolution of transition metal (Mn, Co, Ni and Fe) on the PrBaMn2O5+?? layered perovskite oxide related to the co-segregation energy. Transmission electron microscopic observations show that easily reducible cations (Mn, Co and Ni) are exsolved from the perovskite depending on the transition metal-perovskite reducibility. In addition, using density functional calculations we reveal that co-segregation of B-site dopant and oxygen vacancies plays a central role in the exsolution

The perceptions of social responsibility for community resilience to flooding: the impact of past experience, age, gender and ethnicity

Community resilience to flooding depends, to a large extent, on the participation of community members to take more responsibility for enhancing their own resilience. The perception of social responsibility (SR) which is argued to be one of the antecedents influencing individual’s willingness to undertake resilient behaviours can significantly contribute to community resilience through individual and collective actions. Understanding of factors influencing the perceptions of SR of individuals within community might help with developing strategies to increase the perceptions of SR. This research explores perceptions of SR in relation to flooding for householders and local businesses and establishes their relationships with experience of flooding and demographic factors of age, gender and ethnicity. The data were obtained via a questionnaire survey of three communities in Birmingham and one community in South East London, UK, three with experience of flooding and one without. A total of 414 responses were received and used in the multiple regression analysis. The analysis identified ‘experience of flooding’, ‘age’ and ‘South Asian’ ethnic group as significant variables, suggesting that older individuals from South Asian ethnic groups with previous experience of flooding are likely to be more socially responsible than others without these attributes

In situ formation of 1D nanostructures from ceria nanoparticle dispersions by liquid cell TEM irradiation

Deliberate electron irradiation of cerium oxide nanoparticles in water is used to trigger chemical reactions in a liquid cell transmission electron microscope. Formation of nanorods and nanoneedles is observed starting from predominantly octahedral shape nanoparticles. Detailed morphologies found include free-standing needles, needles connected to specific octahedral ceria facets and star-shaped multi-needle patterns. It is found that rod-axis orientations and crystallographic directions are aligned. It is suggested that high ion and radical concentration of radiolysed water dissolves layers of the original CeO2 particles which re-arrange as needles in the direction of energetically preferred facets

Low-temperature fabrication of oxide composites for solid-oxide fuel cells

Composites of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with Sr-doped LaCrO(3) (LSC) and Sr-doped LaMnO(3) (LSM) were prepared by impregnation of a porous YSZ matrix with aqueous solutions of the appropriate metal salts, followed by sintering to various temperatures. XRD measurements showed that perovskite phases formed after sintering at 1073 K, a temperature well below that at which solid-state reactions with YSZ occur. The conductivities of the LSC-YSZ and LSM-YSZ composites prepared in this way were maximized at a sintering temperature of 1373 K for LSC-YSZ and 1523 K for LSM-YSZ, although reasonable conductivities were achieved at much lower temperatures. The conductivities of the two composites increased much more rapidly with the content of the conductive oxide than has been found with conventional composites formed by mixing and sintering the oxide powders. The implications for using this approach to develop novel electrodes for SOFC applications are discussed

A STUDY OF CARBON FORMATION AND PREVENTION IN HYDROCARBON-FUELED SOFC

The formation and removal of the carbonaceous deposits formed by n-butane and liquid hydrocarbons, such as n-decane and proprietary light and heavy naphthas, between 973 and 1073 K on YSZ and ceria\u2013YSZ, has been studied to determine conditions for stable operation of direct-utilization SOFC. First, it is shown that deactivation of SOFC with Cu\u2013ceria\u2013YSZ anodes operating on undiluted n-decane, a mixture of 80% n-decane and 20% toluene, or light naphtha at temperatures above 973 K is due to filling of the pores with polyaromatic compounds formed by gas-phase, free-radical reactions. Formation of these compounds occurs at a negligible rate below 973 K but increases rapidly above this temperature. The rate of formation also depends on the residence time of the fuel in the anode compartment. Because steam does not participate in the gas-phase reactions, carbonaceous deposits could form even at a H2O:C ratio of 1.5, a value greater than the stability threshold predicted by thermodynamic calculations. Temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) measurements with 20% H2O in He demonstrated that carbon deposits formed in pure YSZ were unreactive below 1073 K, while deposits formed on ceria-YSZ could be removed at temperatures as low as 923 K. Based on these results, we discuss strategies for avoiding carbon formation during the operation of direct-utilization anodes on oil-based liquid fuels