Are campus food environments healthy? A novel perspective for qualitatively evaluating the nutritional quality of food sold at foodservice facilities at a Brazilian university

Aims: The purpose of this novel study was to evaluate the food environment at a Brazilian university, encompassing 6 restaurants and 13 snack bars. The investigation uniquely analyses the food environment (barriers, facilitators, type of foods and prices). This was a food-based analysis of the nutritional quality of the products sold on campus. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used, applying the classic Nutrition Environment Measures Survey-Restaurants (NEMS-R) adapted for Brazil and an original methodology to evaluate and classify qualitatively the nutritional quality and characteristics of the food. A census of all campus food environments was applied. Results: The main results show most food and beverage products were made with processed ingredients and had a lower nutritional quality and price when compared with similar products made on premises, that is, processed iced tea compared with fresh tea (p<.001), fried refined flour salgados compared with baked wholegrain flour salgados (p<.001) and refined flour biscuits compared with those made with whole grains (p=.028). Only 16% of the outlets provided food ingredients or nutritional information of products available. Conclusion: The overall options for healthy food choices and good nutritional quality on campus were mostly limited by the availability and higher prices of products. These findings could be used to develop new policy perspectives for the offering of healthy food items and to facilitate better food choices among students in a healthier food environment.CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of BrazilCAPESUniv Fed Santa Catarina, Nutr Postgrad Program, Nutr, Florianopolis, SC, BrazilUniv Fed Santa Catarina, Nutr Foodserv Res Ctr NUPPRE, Florianopolis, SC, BrazilFed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Human Movement Sci, Sao Paulo, BrazilNutr Epidemiol Lab, Santos, BrazilMontclair State Univ, Dept Hlth & Nutr Sci Food Syst, Montclair, NJ 07043 USAUniv Fed Santa Catarina, Nutr Foodserv Res Ctr NUPPRE, Dept Nutr, Nutr Postgrad Program, Sao Paulo, BrazilFed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Lab Nutr Epidemiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Santa Catarina, CCS, Dept Nutr, Trindade Campus, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, BrazilFed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Human Movement Sci, Sao Paulo, BrazilFed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Lab Nutr Epidemiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilCAPES: BEX 6864/14-7Web of Scienc

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) is the most common cranio-facial pain syndrome, with an incidence of up to 5 in 100,000. Long-term medical treatment is commonly required, with up to 10% of cases suffering adverse drug-related events. In 1951, Lars Leksell pioneered the application of stereotactic irradiation for the treatment of TN, which may now achieve up to 90% pain control at 1 year and 60% at 3-5 years. Radiosurgical treatment targets either the nerve\u2019s emergence (the root entry zone) or the retrogasserian portion of the nerve (pars triangularis). Targeting the latter may reduce the risk of complications, but requires a higher maximum dose to obtain optimal results. Generally speaking, radiosurgical treatment achieves optimal results in patients receiving high doses of radiations ranging from 70 to 90 Gy. Hypoesthesia and facial numbness are frequently observed after high-dose trigeminal irradiation. Mild hypoesthesia is acceptable and is considered by many an efficacy endpoint of the procedure. Bothersome facial numbness is relatively rare. Sensitive trigeminal disturbances and paresthesia after treatment have been reported to range respectively 6%\u201354% and 0%\u201317%. The prescribed dose and brainstem-delivered dose are correlated with the subsequent rate of sensitive trigeminal disturbances. CyberKnife frameless non-isocentric radiosurgery is an emerging and non-invasive treatment for TN. Because of the non-isocentric geometry of radiation beams delivery, CyberKnife technique offers the possibility of homogeneous irradiation of an extended segment of the trigeminal nerve, so introducing some new concepts for the radiosurgical treatment of TN. Clinical results of CyberKnife radiosurgery seems to be satisfactory. We here review the basics of radiosurgery for TN and present a detailed analysis of the technique using the CyberKnife frameless system