How formulating implementation plans and remembering past actions facilitate the enactment of effortful decisions

Building on prior research studying effortful decision making and enactment processes (Bagozzi, Dholakia, & Basuroy, 2003; BDB), we identify and provide an in-depth understanding of two specific self-regulatory strategies: (1) formulating an implementation plan, and (2) remembering past actions, that decision makers can use in facilitating enactment of effortful decisions. The results of three experiments, in which the decision maker's goal and self-regulatory strategy were manipulated, showed that for goals that decision makers chose volitionally, the motivational effects of both these strategies lay in increasing levels of proximal implementation-related variables (implementation intentions, plan completeness, plan enactment, and goal realization) significantly. In contrast, for goals that were assigned to participants, these strategies' motivational effects additionally extended to significantly increasing distal goal-related variables (goal desire, goal intentions, perceived self-efficacy, and implementation desires). The theoretical implications of our findings are discussed, and future research opportunities are explored. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/57372/1/562_ftp.pd

Conformal solids and holography

We argue that a $SO(d)$ magnetic monopole in an asymptotically AdS space-time is dual to a $d$-dimensional strongly coupled system in a solid state. In light of this, it would be remiss of us not to dub such a field configuration $solidon$. In the presence of mixed boundary conditions, a solidon spontaneously breaks translations (among many other symmetries) and gives rise to Goldstone excitations on the boundary$-$the phonons of the solid. We derive the quadratic action for the boundary phonons in the probe limit and show that, when the mixed boundary conditions preserve conformal symmetry, the longitudinal and transverse sound speeds are related to each other as expected from effective field theory arguments. We then include backreaction and calculate the free energy of the solidon for a particular choice of mixed boundary conditions, corresponding to a relevant multi-trace deformation of the boundary theory. We find such free energy to be lower than that of thermal AdS. This suggests that our solidon undergoes a solid-to-liquid first order phase transition by melting into a Schwarzschild-AdS black hole as the temperature is raised.Comment: 31 pages; v2: incorrect calculation in sec. 4 has been deleted; main results unchange

The Role of Regulatory Focus in the Experience and Self‐Control of Desire for Temptations

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141440/1/jcpy163.pd

Running and tumbling with E. coli in polymeric solutions

Run-and-tumble motility is widely used by swimming microorganisms including numerous prokaryotic eukaryotic organisms. Here, we experimentally investigate the run-and-tumble dynamics of the bacterium E. coli in polymeric solutions. We find that even small amounts of polymer in solution can drastically change E. coli dynamics: cells tumble less and their velocity increases, leading to an enhancement in cell translational diffusion and a sudden decline in rotational diffusion. We show that suppression of tumbling is due to fluid viscosity while the enhancement in swimming speed is mainly due to fluid elasticity. Visualization of single fluorescently labeled DNA polymers reveals that the flow generated by individual E. coli is sufficiently strong to stretch polymer molecules and induce elastic stresses in the fluid, which in turn can act on the cell in such a way to enhance its transport. Our results show that the transport and spread of chemotactic cells can be independently modified and controlled by the fluid material properties

Optimistic Opportunistic Routing Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks: -A Review

Abstract: Secure and optimistic routing is very important and significant task in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). In multi-hop communication, selection of routing path between the sensor nodes in the sensor field is essential and also important. Based on the coordination, time based, token based and network coding based techniques the data packets are forwarded from the source to the destination through the intermediate nodes in the network called Opportunistic Routing (OR). Compared with traditional routing, the OR uses the broadcast nature of transmission which greatly increases the wireless network throughput, reliability. In order to support higher node density in WSN, the selection of the most optimistic, flexible, dynamic and reliable OR mechanism and OR protocol are important. In this study the various OR mechanisms and OR protocol are identified and design issues like delivery ratio, packet transmission rate, communication pattern, reliability rate, throughput and fault tolerance are discussed and the comparative results are also tabulated

Engineering Cowpea Mosaic Virus RNA-2 into a Vector to Express Heterologous Proteins in Plants

AbstractA series of new cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNA-2-based expression vectors were designed. The jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) was introduced between the movement protein (MP) and the large (L) coat protein or downstream of the small (S) coat protein. Release of the GFP inserted between the MP and L proteins was achieved by creating artificial processing sites each side of the insert, either by duplicating the MP-L cleavage site or by introducing a sequence encoding the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A catalytic peptide. Eight amino acids derived from the C-terminus of the MP and 14–19 amino acids from the N-terminus of the L coat protein were necessary for efficient processing of the artificial Gln/Met sites. Insertion of the FMDV 2A sequence at the C-terminus of the GFP resulted in a genetically stable construct, which produced particles containing about 10 GFP-2A-L fusion proteins. Immunocapture experiments indicated that some of the GFP is present on the virion surface. Direct fusion of GFP to the C-terminus of the S coat protein resulted in a virus which was barely viable. However, when the sequence of GFP was linked to the C-terminus by an active FMDV 2A sequence, a highly infectious construct was obtained

Associations between intake of dietary flavonoids and 10-year incidence of age-related hearing loss

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Dietary flavonoids are vasoactive phytochemicals with promising anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to assess the associations between baseline intakes of six commonly consumed flavonoid subclasses and 10-year incidence of age-related hearing loss. At baseline, 1691 participants aged 50+ years had information on dietary intakes and hearing status. Hearing loss was defined as the pure-tone average of frequencies 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 kHz \u3e 25 dB hearing level (HL). Dietary data were collected through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The flavonoid content of foods was estimated using US databases. During the 10-year follow-up, 260 (31.6%) new cases of hearing loss (incident) were observed. After multivariable adjustment, participants in the fourth versus first quartile (reference group) of intake of dietary isoflavone had 36% lower risk of incident hearing loss after 10 years: odds ratios (OR) 0.64 (95% confidence intervals, CI, 0.42–0.99); p-value for trend = 0.03. Nonsignificant associations were observed between the other five flavonoid subclasses and 10-year incidence of hearing loss. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the intake of dietary flavonoids protect against long-term risk of hearing loss. The association with isoflavone intake needs to be confirmed by other population-based studies

Associations between dietary flavonoids and retinal microvasculature in older adults

Purpose In this study, we assessed whether there are independent associations between dietary total flavonoid intake and major flavonoid classes with retinal arteriolar and venular calibre. Methods Blue Mountains Eye Study participants aged 49+ years who had complete data on diet and retinal vessel measures were analysed (n = 2821). Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Flavonoid content of foods in the FFQ was estimated using the US Department of Agriculture Flavonoid, Isoflavone and Proanthocyanidin databases. Fundus photographs were taken and retinal vascular calibre was measured using validated computer-assisted techniques. The associations of intake of dietary flavonoids with retinal vessel calibre were examined in linear regression models and general linear model. Results The highest quartile of intake was compared with the lowest quartile using multivariable-adjustment models. Participants with the highest proanthocyanidin intake had narrower retinal venules (223.9 ± 0.62 versus 226.5 ± 0.63, respectively; Ptrend = 0.01); and the highest isoflavone intake was associated with wider retinal arterioles (188.1 ± 0.55 versus 186.3 ± 0.56, respectively; Ptrend = 0.01). The highest apple/pear consumption (a dietary source of catechin) was associated with narrower retinal venules (223.8 ± 0.57 versus 226.1 ± 0.52; Ptrend = 0.01) and wider retinal arterioles (187.9 ± 0.51 versus 186.2 ± 0.51; Ptrend = 0.02). Further, participants who were in the highest versus lowest quartile of chocolate consumption had ~ 2.1 μm narrower retinal venules (multivariable-adjusted P = 0.03). Conclusions This study shows that higher intakes of specific flavonoid subclasses are associated with a favourable retinal microvascular profile. Greater consumption of flavonoid-rich apples/pears and chocolate was also associated with beneficial variations in retinal vascular calibre

Fractal Based SVPWM Algorithm for Two Legged Three Phase Multilevel Inverters

Abstract: This paper proposes a Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) algorithm based on fractals for two legged three phase multilevel inverters. The paper presents the observation that the space vector representation of two legged three phase multilevel inverter has an inherent fractal structure. The properties of fractal structure together with the simplicity of fractal arithmetic are utilized to propose a generalized algorithm for SVPWM generation for two legged multilevel inverters and it can be easily extended to n-level inverters. The voltage space vectors of higher level inverter can be generated from the voltage vectors of an equivalent 2-level inverter using simple addition operations. Sector identification and switching vector determination in SVPWM generation are carried out using simple arithmetic operations without any computational complexity. The proposed algorithm doesn't use any look up table for sector identification and switching vector determination. The validation of the algorithm through simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK has been carried out for two legged 3-level and 5-level inverter configurations for which the results are also presented. . Multilevel inverters gained more attention in recent years due to its inherent advantages of high voltage handling and good harmonic rejection capabilities with currently available power devices. The requirement of more number of semiconductor switches is the major disadvantage of multilevel inverters. Although low voltage rated switches can be used in a multilevel inverter, each switch requires a related gate drive protection circuits and the overall system becomes more complex and expensive. In addition increased number of switches increases the switching losses and electromagnetic interference (EMI). The increased switches have limited the usage of multilevel inverters in many critical applications particularly in the field of aerospace applications. The reduction in the number of power semiconductor switches for the inverters is drawing significant research attention. The four switch three phase inverter topology [FSTPI] is one of the techniques to reduce the switches in the inverte