DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED CHRONIC HEPATOTOXICITY MODEL IN RATS AND ITS APPLICATION IN EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF SILYMARIN

Objective: The objective of the present work is to develop carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic hepatotoxicity model in rats and its applicationin evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of silymarin.Methods: Animals were divided into four groups. Three groups were the disease induction group and 4th was the treatment group. In disease inductiongroups, chronic liver injury was induced by administration of CCl4 through intraperitoneal route (1 ml/kg) for 7-8 weeks. For treatment Group, 1 mlsilymarin suspension (orally) and CCl4 was given for 7-8 weeks. During disease induction and treatment period (7-8 weeks), blood samples werecollected and serum was separated which in turn used to analyze liver function tests such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT),serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), direct bilirubin, total protein (TP), and albumin (Alb) levels. Along withliver functional tests, tests to check cholesterol, glucose, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also performed. Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis was quantifiedby histopathological studies of small portion of the excised liver. Model was validated by repetition of the experiment. Intermediate dissection wascarried out to measure an extent of liver damage.Result: Serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and direct bilirubin were found to be significantly higher in CCl4 intoxicated rats. TP and Alb were decreased, andMDA was found to be significantly higher in CCl4 intoxicated rats, which is the main end product of lipid peroxidation. Whereas in the treatment groupsilymarin improved the liver functions in CCl4 toxicated drug.Conclusion: We conclude that protein oxidation may play a role in the pathogenesis of CCl4 induced liver injury. The accumulation of oxidized proteinsmay be an early indication of CCl4 induced liver damage and silymarin found to be effective in liver injury by inhibiting protein oxidation

A Lift Irrigation Scheme of Karnataka State: A Critical Review

Realising the poor welfare implications of the schemes like loan waivers, subsidies there is growing support for the empowerment of the farming community. In such circumstances, Karnataka state government launched Ganga Kalyana Yojana (GKY) Scheme to uplift the Small and Marginal Farmers (SMFs) in rural area. The scheme targeted the SMFs and subsidized the finance to lift the water by digging the bore and later supplied the electrification. Since 1996-97 the scheme has been performing, many authors and committees evaluated the programme. In this paper an attempt has been made to critically review the research done on the GKY. An overview used descriptive and analytical research method, found that SC/STs less awareness towards scheme, positive changes in SMFs lives style and cropping pattern, finally noticed several issues and suggestions of the scheme with evidence

Opportunities and Challenges of Youths in a Globalized India

This study centers around the impact of Globalization on the new generation. Globalization is a procedure of collaboration and coordination among individuals, organizations, governments, around the world. Economically, globalization includes mechanization, administrations, financial assets, capital, innovation, and information. Globalization is a progression of ground-breaking forms that give the both chances and dangers. The procedure of globalization for the most part depicts the adjustments in the general society or country, however once in a while tended to the effect of globalization on youth’s points of view. The general outcome indicated that globalization advances a brilliant future for the more youthful age. Youth’s measurements positively affect development in this way; globalization is a key driver of the uncommon highlights for young people and an outcome we presently live in a world with much high poverty, joblessness, and different impediments that are impacted by young people. With this, we can say globalization may have negative outcomes, and yet the greater extent, it presents positive outcomes to the young people of the new generation

Influence of Relative Length of Baffles on the Flow Field in a Rectangular Enclosure: A Computational Study

The flow field in an enclosure with length to width ratio (L/B) of 2 and varying number of baffle plates (n) is computationally investigated. For each value of n the influence of the relative length of the baffle plate (ratio of length of the plate a to the width of the enclosure B, a/B ratio) on the flow field is investigated. Mainly the influence on the flow pattern is brought out. It is seen that by controlling the a/B ratio, the regions of recirculation, separation and stagnant zones can be controlled

Feasibility Study of a Facility to Produce Injection Molded Parts for Automotive Industry

[EN] This study aims at the preliminary assessment in designing a complete stand-alone industrial facility to produce injection molded parts for the automotive industry. A draft design solution to allow the company to evaluate the capital investment was performed giving an estimated solution in project profitability. Proposed successive design steps were developed. It includes the definition of input data and information, quantity determination, plat layout diagrams, machine selection, selection of material handling equipment, plant layout design including space requirements of production centers, aísles, support functions. Moreover, the outdoor facility masterplan design is also proposed. Finally, investment calculation via cash flow analysis is calculated.Yudianto, A.; Tan, H.; Qu, Z.; Xue, Q.; Naveen, A.; Mushtaq, M.; Gopi, K. (2020). Feasibility Study of a Facility to Produce Injection Molded Parts for Automotive Industry. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering. 8(1):45-57. https://doi.org/10.4995/ijpme.2020.12360455781Al-Aomar, R. (2006). Capacity-constrained production scheduling of multiple vehicle programs in automotive pilot plant. International Journal of Production Research, 44(13), 2573-2604. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540500521212Cagliano, A. C., Chiabert, P. (2018). Plant and manufacturing system lecture notes. Politecnico di Torino, Italy.Chingua, S. Nyemba, W. R., Boora, K., Mbohwa, C. (2019). Feasibility study of the materials handling and development of a sustainable conveying system in plastics recycling and manufacture. Procedia Manufacturing, 33, 383-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.04.047Derhami, S., Smith, J. S., Gue, K. R. (2019). Space-efficient layouts for block stacking warehouse. IISE Transaction, 51(9), 957-971. https://doi.org/10.1080/24725854.2018.1539280Eksangsri, T., Jaiwang, T. (2014). Feasibility study on reuse of washed water in electronic industry: case study for flexible printed circuit board manufacturing in Thailand. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 20, 206-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2014.03.027Fu, M., Kaku, B. K. (1997). Minimizing work-in-process and material handling in the facilities layout problem. IIE Transactions, 29, 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/07408179708966309Halil, F. M., Nasir, N. M., Hassan, A. A., Shukur, A. S. (2016). Feasibility study and economic assessment in green building projects. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222, 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.176Hazaras, M. J., Swartz, C. L. E., Marlin, T. E. (2013). Industrial application of a continuous-time scheduling framework for process analysis and improvement. I&EC research Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 53, 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie4006904Hwang, D. K., Cho, K., Moon, J. (2019). Feasibility study on energy audit and data driven analysis procedure for building energy efficiency: bench-marking in Korean hospital buildings. Journal Energy 12(15), 3006. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12153006Jung, S., Ng, D., Ovalle, C. D., Roman, R, V., Mannan, M. S. (2011). New approach to optimizing the facility sitting and layout for fire and explosion scenarios. I&EC research Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50, 3928-3937. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie101367gKingenberg, W., Boksma, J. D. (2010). A conceptual framework for outsourcing of material handling activities in automotive: differentiation and implementation. International Journal of Production Research, 48(16), 4877-4899. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540903067177Kovàcs, G. (2019). Layout design for efficiency improvement and cost reduction. Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech., 67(3), 547-555. https://doi.org/10.24425%2Fbpasts.2019.129653Ma, T., Yang, H., Lu. L., Qi, R. (2017). Feasibility study of developing a zero-carbon-emission green deck in Hong Kong. Energy Procedia 105, 1155-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.487Morgan, B., Hejdenberg, J., Krapels, S. H., Amstrong, D. (2018). DO feasibility studies contribute to, or avoid, waste in research? PLos ONE 13(4), e0195951. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195951Pòvoa, A. P. B., (2002). Optimal design and layout of industrial facilities: a simultaneous approach. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 41, 3601-3609. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010660sSchaller, J. (2008). Incorporating cellular manufacturing into supply chain design. International Journal of Production Research, 46(17), 4925-4945. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540701348761Stephens, M. P., Meyers, F. E., (2013). Manufacturing facilities design and material handling - fifth edition. Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, Indiana.Sun, L., Luan, F., Pian, J. (2015). An effective approach for scheduling of refining process with uncertain iterations in steel-making and continuous casting process. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(3), 1966-1972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.376Yang, Z., Djurdjanovic, D., Ni, J. (2007). Maintenance scheduling for a manufacturing system of machines with adjustable throughput. IIE Transactions, 39, 1111-1125. https://doi.org/10.1080/0740817070131533

Socio-Economics Status of an Irrigation Scheme's Beneficiaries with Non-Beneficiaries: A Comparative Study in Karnataka

India is predominantly an agriculture based country. Agriculture is the source of livelihood security for majority of the rural population. Among 30 states of India, Karnataka is a major state which contributes 8.2 percent in the financial year 2010-2011 and witnessed several transformations with implementations of schemes and programmes during the period of 1970-90. Ganga Kalyana Scheme is a programme which was implemented to uplift SC/STs communities by giving subsidised bore well facilities. So the study intended to compare the socio-economic status of beneficiaries with non-beneficiaries of GKS in Karnataka. The study framed multi-stage simple random sampling design to decide the sampling and collected information directly from the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries by using proper questionnaire schedule with personal interview and analysed the data with Chi-square, t-test and Extension exposure scores. Finally, this programme has induced our benefitted farmers to have a better socio-economic condition compared to non-benefitted farmers of Ganga Kalyana Scheme

Genetic structure of a small closed population of the New Zealand white rabbit through pedigree analyses

[EN] The genetic structure of a small population of New Zealand White rabbits maintained at the Sheep Breeding and Research Station, Sandynallah, The Nilgiris, India, was evaluated through pedigree analyses. Data on pedigree information (n=2503) for 18 yr (1995-2012) were used for the study. Pedigree analysis and the estimates of population genetic parameters based on the gene origin probabilities were performed. The analysis revealed that the mean values of generation interval, coefficients of inbreeding and equivalent inbreeding were 1.49 yr, 13.23 and 17.59%, respectively. The proportion of population inbred was 100%. The estimated mean values of average relatedness and individual increase in inbreeding were 22.73 and 3.00%, respectively. The percentage increase in inbreeding over generations was 1.94, 3.06 and 3.98 estimated through maximum generations, equivalent generations and complete generations, respectively. The number of ancestors contributing the majority of 50% genes (fa50) to the gene pool of reference population was only 4, which might have led to reduction in genetic variability and increased the amount of inbreeding. The extent of genetic bottleneck assessed by calculating the effective number of founders (fe) and the effective number of ancestors (fa), as expressed by the fe/fa ratio was 1.1, which is indicative of the absence of stringent bottlenecks. Up to 5th generation, 71.29% pedigree was complete, reflecting the well maintained pedigree records. The maximum known generations were 15, with an average of 7.9, and the average equivalent generations traced were 5.6, indicating a fairly good depth in pedigree. The realized effective population size was 14.93, which is very critical, and with the increasing trend of inbreeding the situation has been assessed as likely to become worse in future. The proportion of animals with the genetic conservation index (GCI) greater than 9 was 39.10%, which can be used as a scale to use such animals with higher GCI to maintain balanced contribution from the founders. From the study, it was evident that the herd was completely inbred, with a very high inbreeding coefficient, and the effective population size was critical. Recommendations were made to reduce the probability of deleterious effects of inbreeding and to improve genetic variability in the herd. The present study can help in carrying out similar studies to meet the demand for animal protein in developing countries.The authors acknowledge the support provided by Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS) for successful completion of the study.Sakthivel, M.; Balasubramanyam, D.; Kumarasamy, P.; Raja, A.; Anilkumar, R.; Gopi, H.; Devaki, A. (2018). Genetic structure of a small closed population of the New Zealand white rabbit through pedigree analyses. World Rabbit Science. 26(2):101-112. doi:10.4995/wrs.2018.7426SWORD101112262Alderson G.I.H. 1992. A system to maximize the maintenance of genetic variability in small populations. In L. Alderson & I. Bodo (ed). Genetic Conservation of Domestic Livestock II. CABI, Wallingford, UK, 18-29.Boichard D., Maignel L., Verrier E. 1997. The value of using probabilities of gene origin to measure genetic variability in a population. Genet. Sel. Evol., 29: 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-29-1-5Cervantes I., Goyache F., Molina A., Valera M., Gutiérrez J.P. 2008. Application of individual increase in inbreeding to estimate realized effective sizes from real pedigrees. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 125: 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00755.xDuchev Z., Distl O., Groeneveld E. 2006. Early warning system for loss of diversity in European livestock breeds. Arch. Anim. Breed., 49: 521-531. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-49-521-2006Dunner S., Checa M.L., Gutierrez J.P., Martin J.P., Cañon J. 1998. Genetic analysis and management in small populations: the Asturcon pony as an example. Genetics Selection Evolution 30: 397-405. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-30-4-397Falconer D.S., Mackay T.F.C. 1996. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. Longmans Green, Harlow, Essex, UK.Fernández J., Toro M.A., Caballero A. 2003. Fixed contributions designs vs. minimization of global conancestry to control inbreeding in small populations. Genetics, 165: 885-894.González-Recio O., López de Maturana E., Gutiérrez J.P. 2007. Inbreeding depression on female fertility and calving ease in Spanish dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 5744-5752. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0203Gowane G.R., Chopra A., Misra S.S., Prince L.L.L. 2014. Genetic diversity of a nucleus flock of Malpura sheep through pedigree analyses. Small Ruminant Res., 120: 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.04.016Goyache F., Gutiérrez J.P., Fernández I., Gomez E., Alvarez I., Díez J., Royo I.J. 2003. Using pedigree information to monitor genetic variability of endangered populations: the Xalda sheep breed of Asturias as an example. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 120: 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0388.2003.00378.xGutiérrez J.P., Altarriba J., Díaz C., Quintanilla A.R., Cañón J., Piedrafita J. 2003. Genetic analysis of eight Spanish beef cattle breeds. Genet. Sel. Evol., 35: 43-64. https://doi.org/10.1051/gse:2002035Gutiérrez J.P., Cervantes I., Goyache F. 2009. Improving the estimation of realized effective population sizes in farm animals. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 126: 327-332.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2009.00810.xGutiérrez J.P., Cervantes I., Molina A., Valera M., Goyache F. 2008. Individual increase in inbreeding allows estimating realized effective sizes from pedigrees. Genet. Sel. Evol., 40: 359-378. https://doi.org/10.1051/gse:2008008Gutiérrez J.P., Goyache F. 2005. A note on ENDOG: a computer program for analyzing pedigree information. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 122: 172-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2005.00512.xHill W.G. 1979. A note on effective population size with overlapping generations. Genetics, 92: 317-322.Lacy R.C. 1989. Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees: founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents. Zoo Biol., 8: 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430080203Leroy G., Mary-Huard T., Verrier E., Danvy S., Charvolin E., Danchin-Burge C. 2013. Methods to estimate effective population size using pedigree data: examples in dog, sheep, cattle and horse. Genet. Sel. Evol., 45: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-45-1Maignel L., Boichard D., Verrier E. 1996. Genetic variability of French dairy breeds estimated form pedigree information. Interbull Bull., 14: 49-54.Martín de la Rosa A.J., Cervantes I., Gutiérrez J.P. 2016. Equivalent effective population size mating as a useful tool in the genetic management of the Ibicenco rabbit breed (Conill Pages d'Eivissa). Czech J. Anim. Sci., 61: 108-116. https://doi.org/10.17221/8783-CJASMartínez R.A., García D., Gallego J.L., Onofre G., Pérez J., Cañón J. 2008. Genetic variability in Colombian Creole cattle populations estimated by pedigree information. J. Anim. Sci., 86: 545-552. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0175Meuwissen T.H.E. 1991. Expectation and variance of genetic gain in open and closed nucleus and progeny testing schemes. Anim. Prod., 53: 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100020043Meuwissen T.H.E. 2009. Towards consensus on how to measure neutral genetic diversity? J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 126: 333-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2009.00839.xMeuwissen T.I., Luo Z. 1992. Computing inbreeding coefficients in large populations. Genet. Sel. Evol., 24: 305-303. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-24-4-305Miglior F., Burnside E.B., Dekkers J.C. 1995. Non additive genetic effects and inbreeding depression for somatic cell counts of Holstein cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 78: 1168-1173.https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76734-0Moura A.S.A.M.T., Polastre R., Wechsler F.S. 2000. Dam and litter inbreeding and environmental effects on litter performances in Botucatu rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 8: 151-157. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2000.433Nagy I., Curik I., Radnai I., Cervantes I., Gyovai P., Baumung R., Farkas J., Szendrő Zs. 2010. Genetic diversity and population structure of the synthetic Pannon White rabbit revealed by pedigree analyses. J. Anim.Sci., 88: 1267-1275. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2273Nagy I., Farkas J., Onika-Szvath S., Radnai I., Szendrő Zs. 2011. Genetic parameters and inbreeding depression of litter weight in Pannon White rabbits. Agric. Conspec. Sci., 76: 231-233.Nagy I., Gyovai P., Farkas J., Radnai I., Eles V., Szendro Zs. 2012. Effects of selection and inbreeding on growth and carcass traits of Pannon terminal line rabbits. In Proc.. 10th World Rabbit Congress, 3-6 September 2012, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, 93-96.Panetto J.C.C., Gutiérrez J.P., Ferraz J.B.S., Cunha D.G., Golden B.L. 2010. Assessment of inbreeding depression in a Guzerat dairy herd: Effects of individual increase in inbreeding coefficients on production and reproduction. J. Dairy Sci., 93: 4902-4912. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3197Pedrosa V.B., Santana Jr. M.L., Oliveira P.S., Eler J.P., Ferraz J.B.S. 2010. Population structure and inbreeding effects on growth traits of Santa Ines sheep in Brazil. Small Ruminant Res., 93: 135-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.05.012Pérez-Enciso M. 1995. Use of uncertain relationship matrix to compute effective population size. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 112: 327-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1995.tb00574.xPlaninc M., Kermauner A., Kovac M., Malovrh S. 2012. Pedigree analysis in the Sika rabbits in Slovenia. Acta Agr. Slov., Supplement 3: 171-173.Rafat S.A., Allain D., de Rochambeau H. 2009. Genetic description of a divergent selection experiment in Angora rabbits with overlapping generations. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 126: 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00769.xSantana Jr M.L., Oliveira P.S., Eler J.P., Gutiérrez J.P., Ferraz J.B.S. 2012. Pedigree analysis and inbreeding depression on growth traits in Brazilian Marchigiana and Bonsmara breeds. J. Anim. Sci. 90: 99-108. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4079Sorensen A.C., Sorensen M.K., Berg P. 2005. Inbreeding in Danish dairy cattle breed. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 1865-1872. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72861-7Valera M., Molina A., Gutiérrez J.P., Gomes I., Goyache F. 2005. Pedigree analyses in the Andalusian horse: population structure, genetic variability and influence of the Carthusian strain. Livest. Prod. Sci., 95: 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.12.004Venkataramanan R., Subramanian A., Sivaselvam S.N., Sivakumar T., Sreekumar C., Anilkumar R., Iyue M. 2013. Pedigree analysis of the Nilagiri sheep of South India. Anim. Genet. Resour., 53: 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2078633613000301Wright S. 1931. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16: 97-159

A Study on the Relationship between the Ground Water Resources and the Sustainability of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Aspects

Human wellbeing and environmental sustainability are the key factors for economic development, which are directly dependent on the water source. Water resources of the state continue to play a crucial role in the sustainable development of the states in the years to come. Groundwater is another vital source for meeting nearly half of the demand for irrigation, industrial production, and municipal water needs for both rural and urban areas. Underdeveloped countries depend on the primary sector more for their livelihood, and groundwater resource is the primary source for their agronomic practices. Because 1/3rd of the agricultural land depends on rainfall in India, the others have been cultivated with surface water and groundwater resources. The surface water source will not be available longer than groundwater. Farmers depend more on groundwater. Due to large output and productivity nowadays, farmers have been digging more bore wells in the land than required and, at the same time-consuming, more power to lift water. These scenarios destroy the agricultural lands' quality of soil by over lifting the water, and there might be land sliding, groundwater exploitation, loss of fossil water, etc. Agricultural dependency has been declining for several reasons, and if agriculture continues the exploitation scenario, what are the severe problems for the future generation? Therefore, the study aims to analyze the influence of the exploitation of groundwater resources through digging bore wells on the sustainability of agricultural lands. The study planned to consider the primary and secondary data using descriptive research analysis

Synthesis of peptides mediated by potassium salt of 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole

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