Quantum gauge models without classical Higgs mechanism

We examine the status of massive gauge theories, such as those usually obtained by spontaneous symmetry breakdown, from the viewpoint of causal (Epstein-Glaser) renormalization. The BRS formulation of gauge invariance in this framework, starting from canonical quantization of massive (as well as massless) vector bosons as fundamental entities, and proceeding perturbatively, allows one to rederive the reductive group symmetry of interactions, the need for scalar fields in gauge theory, and the covariant derivative. Thus the presence of higgs particles is explained without recourse to a Higgs(-Englert-Brout-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble) mechanism. Along the way, we dispel doubts about the compatibility of causal gauge invariance with grand unified theories.Comment: 20 pages in two-column EPJC format, shortened version accepted for publication. For more details, consult version

Morphology of new superionic pyrophosphates

New superionic pyrophosphates, Na2H3Al(P2O7)2, Na2CaMn2(P2O7)2, NaFeP2O7, Na2M2+Zr(P2O7)2 where M = Mn, Co, Ni and Zn, and (Na0.66Zr0.33)2P2O7 were obtained by a hydrothermal method. The crystal growth, solubility and structure of these superionic pyrophosphates are discussed in brief. Detailed morphological studies were carried out with reference to the divalent/trivalent cations, degree of supersaturation, concentration of volatiles such as Na2O, H2O, P2O5 etc

Structure of aluminium disodium trihydrogenbis(diphosphate)

Na2AlH3(P2O7)2, M(r) = 423.9, triclinic, P1BAR, a = 8.311 (4), b = 7.363 (4), c = 4.902 (3) angstrom, alpha = 99.67 (2), beta = 81.77 (2), gamma = 114.48 (1)-degrees, V = 268.2 (4) angstrom3, Z = 1, D(x) = 2.624 g cm-3, lambda(Mo Kalpha) = 0.7107 angstrom, mu = 9.31 cm-1, F(000) = 210, T = 293 K, R = 0.032 for 761 independent observed reflections. The Al octahedron shares two opposite edges with two diphosphate anions. In each anion, one PO4 tetrahedron connects two Al octahedra, forming an Al-(P1,P1)-Al chain parallel to the c axis. The H atoms are thought to lie around the inversion centres at (1/2 1/2 0),(1/2 0 1/2) and (0 1/2 1/2) where small residual difference peaks were found. Na ions are located in tunnel-shaped cavities parallel to c

Artificial Malware Immunization based on Dynamically Assigned Sense of Self

Abstract. Computer malwares (e.g., botnets, rootkits, spware) are one of the most serious threats to all computers and networks. Most malwares conduct their malicious actions via hijacking the control flow of the infected system or program. Therefore, it is critically important to protect our mission critical systems from malicious control flows. Inspired by the self-nonself discrimination in natural immune system, this research explores a new direction in building the artificial malware immune systems. Most existing models of self of the protected program or system are passive reflection of the existing being (e.g., system call sequence) of the protected program or system. Instead of passively reflecting the existing being of the protected program, we actively assign a unique mark to the protected program or system. Such a dynamically assigned unique mark forms dynamically assigned sense of self of the protected program or system that enables us to effectively and efficiently distinguish the unmarked nonself (e.g., malware actions) from marked self with no false positive. Since our artificial malware immunization technique does not require any specific knowledge of the malwares, it can be effective against new and previously unknown malwares. We have implemented a proof-of-concept prototype of our artificial malware immunization based on such dynamically assigned sense of self in Linux, and our automatic malware immunization tool has successfully immunized real-world, unpatched, vulnerable applications (e.g., Snort 2.6.1 with over 140,000 lines C code) against otherwise working exploits. In addition, our artificial malware immunization is effective against return-to-libc attacks and recently discovered returnoriented exploits. The overall run time performance overhead of our artificial malware immunization prototype is no more than 4%. Keywords Malware Immunization, Control Flow Integrity, Sense of Self.