HIV-associated malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa: progress, challenges, and opportunities

Summarize recent developments for HIV-associated malignancies (HIVAM) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) with particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

The radio source in Abell 980: A Detached-Double-Double Radio Galaxy?

It is argued that the new morphological and spectral information gleaned from the recently published LoFAR Two meter Sky Survey data release 2 (LoTSS-2 at 144 MHz) observations of the cluster Abell 980 (A980), in combination with its existing GMRT and VLA observations at higher frequencies, provide the much-needed evidence to strengthen the proposal that the cluster's radio emission comes mainly from two double radio sources, both produced by the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in two major episodes of jet activity. The two radio lobes left from the previous activity have become diffuse and developed an ultra-steep radio spectrum while rising buoyantly through the confining hot intra-cluster medium (ICM) and, concomitantly, the host galaxy has drifted to the cluster centre and entered a new active phase manifested by a coinciding younger double radio source. The new observational results and arguments presented here bolster the case that the old and young double radio sources in A980 conjointly represent a `double-double' radio galaxy whose two lobe-pairs have lost colinearity due to the (lateral) drift of their parent galaxy, making this system by far the most plausible case of a `Detached-Double-Double Radio Galaxy' (dDDRG).Comment: Accepted for publication by Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia (PASA); 10 pages, 6 figure

Electricity from Rice Husk A Potential & Eco- friendly Way to Electrify India

as per reports it can be stated that the energy demanded by India is continuously increasing day-by-day. For the sake of providing energy security the amount of fossil fuels imported is quite high. With this, in fossil fuel there are several components like CO2, SO2 and NOX which presents an adverse effect to the environment. To find an alternative solution to this big problem and arrive to a satisfactory result, re-usable (renewable) energy sources are needed to be developed. In India the Rice is grown in a very large quantity and it holds a considerable rank in exporting to the rest of the countries, here rice husk is a potential source of energy. To produce energy the Rice mills can utilize rice husk produced by them. However, the energy produced must be such that leads minimum damage to the environment. In coal and oil-fired power generation have a lesser amount of SO2 and NOX emission, but higher than for natural gas. In this process the CO2 obtained from combustion of rice husk is taken as zero as it does not contribute to global warming. The CO and dust emissions are comparatively higher than the conventional power production pointing which is required for improving the combustion efficiency of the rice husk power plant. Overall, it suggests that rice husk will be successful feedstock to produce electricity and works well than fossil fuels (basically coal and oil) from the view of environmental emissions. Electrical energy generation of a country determines it’s economic development. Thus to compete other developed countries, India must have more than required electrical generation technique so that it can pace up the developmental process. To get development India has to, make the electricity available to most possible doors

From Community Laywomen to Breast Health Workers: A Pilot Training Model to Implement Clinical Breast Exam Screening in Malawi

BackgroundBreast cancer burden is high in low-income countries. Inadequate early detection contributes to late diagnosis and increased mortality. We describe the training program for Malawi’s first clinical breast exam (CBE) screening effort.MethodsLaywomen were recruited as Breast Health Workers (BHWs) with the help of local staff and breast cancer advocates. The four-week training consisted of lectures, online modules, role-playing, case discussions, CBE using simulators and patients, and practice presentations. Ministry of Health trainers taught health communication, promotion, and education skills. Breast cancer survivors shared their experiences. Clinicians taught breast cancer epidemiology, prevention, detection, and clinical care. Clinicians and research staff taught research ethics, informed consent, data collection, and professionalism. Breast cancer knowledge was measured using pre- and post-training surveys. Concordance between BHW and clinician CBE was assessed. Breast cancer talks by BHW were evaluated on a 5-point scale in 22 areas by 3 judges.ResultsWe interviewed 12 women, and 4 were selected as BHWs including 1 breast cancer survivor. Training was dynamic with modification based on trainee response and progress. A higher-than-anticipated level of comprehension and interest led to inclusion of additional topics like breast reconstruction. Pre-training knowledge increased from 49% to 91% correct (p<0.0001). Clinician and BHW CBE had 88% concordance (kappa 0.43). The mean rating of BHW educational talks was 4.4 (standard deviation 0.7).ConclusionsMalawian laywomen successfully completed training and demonstrated competency to conduct CBE and deliver breast cancer educational talks. Knowledge increased after training, and concordance was high between BHW and clinician CBE

Fuzzy-Prešic-Ciric Operators and Applications to Certain Nonlinear Differential Equations

In this paper, we introduce a new class of operators called fuzzy-Preši´cCiri´c operators. For this type of operators, the existence and uniqueness of fixed point ´ in M-complete fuzzy metric spaces endowed with H-type t-norms are established. The results proved here generalize and extend some comparable results in the existing literature. An example is included which illustrates the main result of this paper. Moreover, some applications of our main theorem to the study of certain types of nonlinear differential equations are provided

Experiences and perceptions regarding clinical breast exam screening by trained laywomen in Malawi

Despite the increasing burden, breast cancer control in sub-Saharan Africa is insufficient. Late diagnosis and lack of early detection and screening services contribute to high mortality. Clinical breast exam (CBE) screening can be valuable in low-income countries, including use of community health workers and non-health professionals to conduct exams. We assessed experiences of women who underwent CBE screening by trained laywomen in Lilongwe, Malawi, as part of a pilot program

COW URINE DISTILLATE AS A BIOENHANCER FOR ANTIMICROBIAL & ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY AND REDISTILLED COW URINE DISTILLATE AS AN ANTICLASTOGEN AGENT

  Objective: The objective of this study was to prove that cow urine distillate (CUD) is a bioenhancer for antimicrobial activity and antiproliferative activity, redistilled CUD (RCUD) as an anticlastogen agent.Methods: The antimicrobial activity of rifampicin with CUD at different concentrations was determined against pathogenic Escherichia coli by well puncture method. The Penicillin and ciprofloxacin in combination with CUD at different/increasing concentrations against pathogenic E. coli culture were also determined by disc diffusion method. Sulforaphane (ACA) as an anticancer agent was extracted from cruciferous vegetables and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The Breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) were treated with anticancer agents along with CUD in increasing concentrations. The anticlastogenic activity of RCUD in human peripheral lymphocytes was tested with clastogens such as manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium.Results: CUD showed to enhance the antimicrobial activity of rifampicin with 20 μl concentration by well puncture method; penicillin with increasing concentration of up to 80 μl and ciprofloxacin up to 80 μl, respectively, by disc diffusion method. The rate of degeneration of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) was increased with increasing concentration of CUD. Clastogen (MnO2) of 10 μl with 200 μl of RCUD showed effective anticlastogenic activity in agarose gel electrophoresis as the activity of clastogen decreased with increasing concentration of RCUD.Conclusion: CUD acts as a bioenhancer to increase antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity. RCUD showed a high level of anticlastogenic activity toward clastogen. Thus, cow urine is found to have special properties that can be used in combination with different therapeutic agents to cure several diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and cancer. Further in vivo and clinical studies are required to confirm its therapeutic efficac

High rates of cervical cancer among HIV-infected women at a referral hospital in Malawi

Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women in Malawi. National guidelines recommend screening women aged 30–45 years every five years; however, no specific recommendations exist for women with HIV. We aimed to assess the frequency of high-grade dysplasia (CIN 2 or CIN3) and cervical cancer among women in central Malawi and to examine associations with CIN2+ (CIN2/3 or cancer)