379 research outputs found
Galileons as Wess-Zumino Terms
We show that the galileons can be thought of as Wess-Zumino terms for the
spontaneous breaking of space-time symmetries. Wess-Zumino terms are terms
which are not captured by the coset construction for phenomenological
Lagrangians with broken symmetries. Rather they are, in d space-time
dimensions, d-form potentials for (d+1)-forms which are non-trivial co-cycles
in Lie algebra cohomology of the full symmetry group relative to the unbroken
symmetry group. We introduce the galileon algebras and construct the
non-trivial (d+1)-form co-cycles, showing that the presence of galileons and
multi-galileons in all dimensions is counted by the dimensions of particular
Lie algebra cohomology groups. We also discuss the DBI and conformal galileons
from this point of view, showing that they are not Wess-Zumino terms, with one
exception in each case.Comment: 49 pages. v2 minor changes, version appearing in JHE
Generalizing Galileons
The Galileons are a set of terms within four-dimensional effective field
theories, obeying symmetries that can be derived from the dynamics of a
3+1-dimensional flat brane embedded in a 5-dimensional Minkowski Bulk. These
theories have some intriguing properties, including freedom from ghosts and a
non-renormalization theorem that hints at possible applications in both
particle physics and cosmology. In this brief review article, we will summarize
our attempts over the last year to extend the Galileon idea in two important
ways. We will discuss the effective field theory construction arising from
co-dimension greater than one flat branes embedded in a flat background - the
multiGalileons - and we will then describe symmetric covariant versions of the
Galileons, more suitable for general cosmological applications. While all these
Galileons can be thought of as interesting four-dimensional field theories in
their own rights, the work described here may also make it easier to embed them
into string theory, with its multiple extra dimensions and more general
gravitational backgrounds.Comment: 16 pages; invited brief review article for a special issue of
Classical and Quantum Gravity. Submitted to CQ
A clinical pathway for total shoulder arthroplasty-a pilot study
BACKGROUND: Appropriate pain management after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) facilitates rehabilitation and may improve clinical outcomes.; QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: This prospective, observational study evaluated a multimodal analgesia clinical pathway for TSA.; METHODS: Ten TSA patients received an interscalene nerve block (25cm(3) 0.375% ropivacaine) with intraoperative general anesthesia. Postoperative analgesia included regularly scheduled non-opioid analgesics (meloxicam, acetaminophen, and pregabalin) and opioids on demand (oral oxycodone and intravenous patient-controlled hydromorphone). Patients were evaluated twice daily to assess pain, anterior deltoid strength, handgrip strength, and sensory function.; RESULTS: The nerve block lasted an average of 18h. Patients had minimal pain after surgery; 0 (median score on a 0-10 scale) in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) but increased on postoperative day (POD) 1 to 2.3 (0.0, 3.8; median (25%, 75%)) at rest and 3.8 (2.1, 6.1) with movement. Half of the patients activated the patient-controlled analgesia four or fewer times in the first 24h after surgery. Operative anterior deltoid strength was 0 in the PACU but returned to 68% by POD 1. Operative hand strength was 0 (median) in the PACU, but the third quartile (75%) had normalized strength 49% of preoperative value.; CONCLUSIONS: Patients did well with this multimodal analgesic protocol. Pain scores were low, half of the patients used little or no intravenous opiate, and some patients had good handgrip strength. Future research can focus on increasing duration of analgesia from the nerve block, minimizing motor block, lowering pain scores, and avoiding intravenous opioids
Non-linear Representations of the Conformal Group and Mapping of Galileons
There are two common non-linear realizations of the 4D conformal group: in
the first, the dilaton is the conformal factor of the effective metric
\eta_{\mu\nu} e^{-2 \pi}; in the second it describes the fluctuations of a
brane in AdS_5. The two are related by a complicated field redefinition, found
by Bellucci, Ivanov and Krivonos (2002) to all orders in derivatives. We show
that this field redefinition can be understood geometrically as a change of
coordinates in AdS_5. In one gauge the brane is rigid at a fixed radial
coordinate with a conformal factor on the AdS_5 boundary, while in the other
one the brane bends in an unperturbed AdS_5. This geometrical picture
illuminates some aspects of the mapping between the two representations. We
show that the conformal Galileons in the two representations are mapped into
each other in a quite non-trivial way: the DBI action, for example, is mapped
into a complete linear combination of all the five Galileons in the other
representation. We also verify the equivalence of the dilaton S-matrix in the
two representations and point out that the aperture of the dilaton light-cone
around non-trivial backgrounds is not the same in the two representations.Comment: 16 pages. v2: typos corrected (notably eq 4.5), matches JHEP versio
Large Scale Structures in Kinetic Gravity Braiding Model That Can Be Unbraided
We study cosmological consequences of a kinetic gravity braiding model, which
is proposed as an alternative to the dark energy model. The kinetic braiding
model we study is characterized by a parameter n, which corresponds to the
original galileon cosmological model for n=1. We find that the background
expansion of the universe of the kinetic braiding model is the same as the
Dvali-Turner's model, which reduces to that of the standard cold dark matter
model with a cosmological constant (LCDM model) for n equal to infinity. We
also find that the evolution of the linear cosmological perturbation in the
kinetic braiding model reduces to that of the LCDM model for n=\infty. Then, we
focus our study on the growth history of the linear density perturbation as
well as the spherical collapse in the nonlinear regime of the density
perturbations, which might be important in order to distinguish between the
kinetic braiding model and the LCDM model when n is finite. The theoretical
prediction for the large scale structure is confronted with the multipole power
spectrum of the luminous red galaxy sample of the Sloan Digital Sky survey. We
also discuss future prospects of constraining the kinetic braiding model using
a future redshift survey like the WFMOS/SuMIRe PFS survey as well as the
cluster redshift distribution in the South Pole Telescope survey.Comment: 41 pages, 20 figures; This version was accepted for publication in
JCA
Inequivalence of coset constructions for spacetime symmetries
Non-linear realizations of spacetime symmetries can be obtained by a
generalization of the coset construction valid for internal ones. The physical
equivalence of different representations for spacetime symmetries is not
obvious, since their relation involves not only a redefinition of the fields
but also a field-dependent change of coordinates. A simple and relevant
spacetime symmetry is obtained by the contraction of the 4D conformal group
that leads to the Galileon group. We analyze two non-linear realizations of
this group, focusing in particular on the propagation of signals around
non-trivial backgrounds. The aperture of the lightcone is in general different
in the two representations and in particular a free (luminal) massless scalar
is mapped in a Galileon theory which admits superluminal propagation. We show
that in this theory, if we consider backgrounds that vanish at infinity, there
is no asymptotic effect: the displacement of the trajectory integrates to zero,
as can be expected since the S-matrix is trivial. Regarding local measurements,
we show that the puzzle is solved taking into account that a local coupling
with fixed sources in one theory is mapped into a non-local coupling and we
show that this effect compensates the different lightcone. Therefore the two
theories have a different notion of locality. The same applies to the different
non-linear realizations of the conformal group and we study the particular case
of a cosmologically interesting background: the Galilean Genesis scenarios
de Sitter Galileon
We generalize the Galileon symmetry and its relativistic extension to a de
Sitter background. This is made possible by studying a probe-brane in a flat
five-dimensional bulk using a de Sitter slicing. The generalized Lovelock
invariants induced on the probe brane enjoy the induced Poincar\'e symmetry
inherited from the bulk, while living on a de Sitter geometry. The
non-relativistic limit of these invariants naturally maintain a generalized
Galileon symmetry around de Sitter while being free of ghost-like pathologies.
We comment briefly on the cosmology of these models and the extension to the
AdS symmetry as well as generic FRW backgrounds
Conditions for the cosmological viability of the most general scalar-tensor theories and their applications to extended Galileon dark energy models
In the Horndeski's most general scalar-tensor theories with second-order
field equations, we derive the conditions for the avoidance of ghosts and
Laplacian instabilities associated with scalar, tensor, and vector
perturbations in the presence of two perfect fluids on the flat
Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) background. Our general results are
useful for the construction of theoretically consistent models of dark energy.
We apply our formulas to extended Galileon models in which a tracker solution
with an equation of state smaller than -1 is present. We clarify the allowed
parameter space in which the ghosts and Laplacian instabilities are absent and
we numerically confirm that such models are indeed cosmologically viable.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figure
Cosmological constraints on extended Galileon models
The extended Galileon models possess tracker solutions with de Sitter
attractors along which the dark energy equation of state is constant during the
matter-dominated epoch, i.e. w_DE = -1-s, where s is a positive constant. Even
with this phantom equation of state there are viable parameter spaces in which
the ghosts and Laplacian instabilities are absent. Using the observational data
of the supernovae type Ia, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), and baryon
acoustic oscillations, we place constraints on the tracker solutions at the
background level and find that the parameter s is constrained to be s=0.034
(-0.034,+0.327) (95% CL) in the flat Universe. In order to break the degeneracy
between the models we also study the evolution of cosmological density
perturbations relevant to the large-scale structure (LSS) and the
Integrated-Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect in CMB. We show that, depending on the
model parameters, the LSS and the ISW effect is either positively or negatively
correlated. It is then possible to constrain viable parameter spaces further
from the observational data of the ISW-LSS cross-correlation as well as from
the matter power spectrum.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, uses RevTeX4-
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