Diamond films from combustion of methyl acetylene and propadiene

To date diamond films grown with the combustion technique have used either acetylene or, rarely, ethylene as the fuel. However, there are barriers to large scale commercialization of the combustion technique using either fuel. For example, acetylene is relatively expensive and difficult to handle, while the use of ethylene gives relatively low growth rates. In this letter we propose replacing acetylene with MAPPTM gas, a commercial mixture of methyl acetylene and propadiene in liquefied petroleum gas (primarily propylene). MAPP gas is considerably cheaper, safer, and easier to handle than acetylene. Furthermore, the experiments described here suggest that MAPP gas flames are only slightly less efficient than acetylene flames at converting fuel carbon atoms into diamond

The effects of participation in a competitive lacrosse season on body composition, muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance

The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of participation in a competitive season on the body composition, muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance of Ithaca College\u27s men\u27s lacrosse team

Water management and reuse strategies for unconventional oil and gas fields

2014 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document

Individual Liability of Agents for Corporate Crimes Under the Proposed Federal Criminal Code

In discussing the contours of individual liability under section 403, this Note has not attempted to criticize the section\u27s draftsmanship or counsel against its adoption. The philosophy of liability reflected in section 403 wisely avoids the imposition of vicarious liability on corporate officials. The defendant\u27s personal misconduct, failure to act, or reckless failure to supervise invoke the sanctions of the provisions. In addition, subsections (b) and (c) provide a theoretical underpinning for punishing omissions that is preferable to the indicia of artificial participation relied upon in former state and federal cases. This Note has also attempted to establish some limitations against an expansive reading of section 403. The Proposed Code\u27s modest extension of individual criminal culpability is secondary to its attempt to properly locate the point [in the corporate hierarchy] at which extended responsibility for various crimes reaches optimum effectiveness and should, therefore, terminate. \u27 The Proposed Code faces the challenge of properly identifying individual defendants in a corporate setting. Prosecutors who select the defendants and courts who adjudge the standards of liability will accomplish that proper identification by constant reference to the twin goals of section 403-deterrence of individual misconduct and coercion of affirmative management of corporate activity to avoid public harm

Excess nutrients and cultural eutrophication of the Cache la Poudre River: a study of the occurrence and transport of phosphorus

2011 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.Excess nutrients resulting in eutrophication of surface waters has become one of the greatest water quality challenges of our time. The development of an effective nutrient management strategy is essential to protecting surface water quality, public health, aquatic ecosystems and economic interests. The complexity of cultural eutrophication and the influence of nutrients, especially in streams and rivers, has delayed the development of an effective regulation and a nationwide management strategy. Variations in hydrologic conditions, geology and both urban and agricultural land use can dramatically influence phosphorus loads to receiving waters. Furthermore, several complex mechanism exist within a river or stream (e.g. the phosphate buffer, light availability, hydraulic retention time, phosphorus spiraling, etc.) that change the concentration and impact of nutrient concentrations and resulting eutrophication. Temporal and spatial variations result in changing and often imprecise threshold between healthy and unhealthy ecosystems. For this reason, it is important for policy makers to understand how the assimilative nutrient capacity of waterways varies with environmental, seasonal and loading conditions, and that it is not the same for every watershed or even within the same waterway. A one-size-fits all technology solution or a state-wide numeric standard that does not account for these variations is misguided and will result in costly upgrades with minimal improvements to water quality. The most efficient nutrient management method is one that best matches the nutrient load delivered with the maximum assimilative capacity of the receiving water. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the Cache la Poudre River Watershed in Northern Colorado over the course of a year to examine the influence of different sources, transport pathways and hydrologic regimes on phosphorus concentrations along an urban-agricultural gradient. An extensive and comprehensive design of sampling locations was used to best capture the anthropogenic influence (e.g. wastewater treatment plants, concentrated feeding animal operations, land uses) and transport pathways (e.g. irrigation ditches, overland transport, streams and rivers) of phosphorus within the watershed. Exploratory models were used to better understand the influence of geospatial variables on the occurrence and transport of phosphorus within the watershed. The influence of phosphorus from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPS) to the Cache la Poudre River was examined in detail. A mass-balance of the phosphorus load in the river and the effluent from WWTPs was used to best estimate the influence of WWTPs. Projections of the influence proposed regulations that reduce WWTP effluent concentrations were made as well as the resulting impact to the river and water quality. The role of sediment was investigated to better characterize and explain the temporal variations of phosphorus concentrations within this complex system. A brief economic analysis and associated improvements to water quality are discussed as well as effective management strategies in the Cache la Poudre River Watershed. The objective of the study is to aid in the development of an efficient and effective nutrient management strategy for the Cache la Poudre River Basin and other similar mixed land use watersheds, as well as providing a foundation for creating a decision support system for water quality analysis, monitoring and management

Physical and sport education in Australia: organisation, placement and related issues

This paper provides a review of how physical and sport education in Australian schools is organised and administered. The roles and responsibilities of education and sport personnel are outlined. Issues of equity are addressed as is the extent of student participation. Implementation of physical and sport education programs, the links between PE and sport and teacher involvement are also discussed. The context of the new millennium and the place of government schools in Australia provides a backdrop for the interpretation of the review. The review assumes an advocacy orientation, and so presents a position paper that reacts to the macropolitical factors that have had a profound effect on physical and sport education in the past decade. A passive position would fail to inform outsiders of the realities systems, administrators, teachers and students are confronting in Australian schools at the beginning of 21st century..

Everyone loves select committees these days, but have they really changed?

The Wright reforms have been widely credited with reinvigorating select committees. Stephen Bates, Mark Goodwin (University of Birmingham) and Steve McKay (University of Lincoln) take issue with this assumption. They found the reforms have made little or no difference to MP turnover and attendance, which are driven by the parliamentary cycle. When MPs are jostling for payroll vote positions and trying to keep up with constituency duties and votes in the Chamber, select committees are likely to suffer