Cultural Adaptation, Validation and Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of an Obstetric Violence Scale in the Spanish Context

Obstetric violence refers to dehumanized or derogative treatment of women in their pregnancy, childbirth or postpartum periods and may be manifested in different ways. Currently, there is no tool validated in Spain to measure women’s perception of obstetric violence. The objective of this study was to carry out the cultural adaptation and validation of an existing 14-item obstetric violence scale in the Spanish context and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The research was conducted in two phases: first, a methodological study designed to evaluate content validity, through assessments by eight experts (calculating the Aiken V coefficient) and face validity in a sample of 20 women; second, a cross-sectional study to evaluate construct validity (through confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis), divergent validity against a scale of birth satisfaction, known-groups validity and, finally, reliability. In Phase 1, Aiken V values higher than 0.71 were obtained for all items. Phase 2 was conducted on a sample of 256 women and the fit values for the unidimensional model were RMSEA: 0.070 (95% CI: 0.059–0.105) and GFI: 0.982 (95% CI: 0.823–0.990). The Rasch analysis indicated poor performance of item 2, which was removed. The Omega and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients were 0.863 and 0.860, respectively. A final 13-item version of the Obstetric Violence Scale was produced, with a total score ranging from 0 (no obstetric violence perception) to 52 (maximum obstetric violence perception). The Obstetric Violence Scale is a reliable and useful tool to measure women’s perception of obstetric violence. This study was not registered

First Census of units of chronic wounds in Spain

Introducción: A pesar del interés creciente por las unidades de heridas como modelo organizativo para la prestación de servicios a las personas con heridas crónicas, no tenemos información acerca del número, distribución, funcionamiento y características de estas estructuras en España. Objetivos: Identificar las unidades de atención especializada de heridas crónicas en nuestro país y realizar el primer censo de estas. Metodología: Estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal. Se realizó un sistema de muestreo no probabilístico compuesto por tres escalones de muestreo. Se utilizó un cuestionario específicamente diseñado para ello (CVI-Total para Pertinencia = 0,96 y CVI-Total para Relevancia = 0,94) para la obtención de datos, que incluyó la recogida de información sobre: nombre, localización, año de creación, organismo responsable y ámbito de localización de las unidades. Resultados: Un total de 75 posibles unidades candidatas a estudio fueron detectadas en los tres escalones de muestreo realizados. Se reclutaron 44 unidades para el estudio, si bien dos debieron ser retiradas. Finalmente, se incluyó un total de 42 unidades en el primer censo de unidades de heridas en el territorio español. Conclusiones: El número de unidades de heridas en nuestro país es bajo, y existe gran disparidad con respecto a su distribución geográfica por comunidades. Además, estas estructuras están sujetas a muchos cambios. Esto conlleva la desaparición y aparición de unidades de heridas con relativa rapidez, aunque parece que es un sistema organizativo cada vez más aceptado en España, existiendo un número creciente de estas estructuras organizativas en nuestro país.Introduction: Despite the growing interest in wound care units as an organizational model for the provision of services to people with chronic wounds, we do not have information about the number, distribution, functioning and characteristics of these structures in Spain. Objectives: To identify the units of specialized care of chronic wounds in our country and to carry out the first census of these. Methodology: Observational study of a descriptive cross-sectional type. A non - probabilistic sampling system was made up of three sampling steps. A questionnaire specifically designed for this purpose (CVI-Total for Pertinence = 0.96 and CVI-Total for Relevance = 0.94) was used to obtain dates, which included the collection of information on: Name, Location, Year of creation, Agency responsible and Scope of the units. Results: A total of 75 possible candidate units were detected in the three sampling stages. 44 units were recruited for the study, although 2 units had to be retired. Finally, a total of 42 units were included in the first census of wound units in Spain. Conclusions: The number of wound units in Spain is low, with a great disparity with respect to their geographical distribution by regions. In addition, these structures are subject to many changes. This leads to the disappearance and appearance of wounded units relatively quickly, although it seems to be an increasingly accepted organizational system in Spain, with an increasing number of these organizational structures in our country

Units of wounds

Dentro de las respuestas que han surgido a la problemática ocasionada por las heridas crónicas, la creación de unidades clínicas especializadas ha sido una de las que mayor interés ha despertado en los últimos años. Estas unidades están conformadas por profesionales de diferentes disciplinas que se organizan de acuerdo con un servicio-departamento unificado. A través de enfoques interdisciplinarios-transdisciplinarios consiguen una atención integral a estos pacientes, identificando todos los factores que pueden afectar a la cicatrización de heridas crónicas y paliando los problemas asociados a la complejidad y heterogeneidad de estas lesiones. La implantación de este modelo todavía no está completamente desarrollada en nuestro país a pesar de su conveniencia y la creación de nuevas unidades de heridas a menudo acarrea dificultades y dudas. Este trabajo aporta algunas claves de las ventajas de la adopción de este modelo organizativo y sugiere algunas ideas para aquellas personas u organizaciones que estén planteándose la instauración de este modelo.Among the responses to the problems caused by chronic wounds, the creation of specialized clinical units has been one of the most interesting in recent years. These units are made up of professionals from different disciplines who are organized on the topic of a unified department-service. Through interdisciplinary-transdisciplinary approaches, they achieve comprehensive care for these patients, identifying all the factors that can affect the healing of chronic wounds and alleviating the problems associated with the complexity and heterogeneity of these lessions. The implementation of this model is not yet fully developed in our country despite its desirability and the creation of new wounds units often carry difficulties and doubts. This work provides some keys to the advantages of adopting this organizational model and suggests some key points for those people or organizations that are considering the establishment of this model

The status of wound care units in Spain

The paucity of published studies to date has made it difficult to assess wound care provision in Spain. This paper reports the outcomes of the first census of units specialising in the treatment of chronic wounds in this country. Results indicate that wound units have very heterogeneous and diverse characteristics, varying according to region and health context. The regional organisation and implementation of health care appears to be reflected in the uneven distribution of wound care units across the territory, with several regions having none. The majority of units that exist provide benefits for both patients and staff, through treatment and training, respectively. Despite the benefits of the wound care unit model, there are barriers to unit creation and shortcomings that need to be addressed to strengthen the position of these units within Spain’s healthcare system

Obtención de tejidos de algodón con tratamiento ignífugo. Caracterización mediante espectrometría infrarroja.

La resistencia al fuego es de gran utilidad en tejidos para diferentes usos. A fin de mejorar las propiedades ignífugas de tejidos, se investigaron diferentes sistemas químicos impregnantes que contienen Furfural, urea y un agente fosforilante. En el presente trabajo se caracterizan, mediante espectrometía infrarroja, las variaciones espectroscópicas de tejidos de algodón impregnados con diferentes sistemas químicos y se discuten las variaciones de las propiedades de los mismos. Las propiedades ignífugas estudiadas fueron tiempo de quemado con llama, tiempo de ignición residual y superficie quemada. Se propone un procedimiento tecnológico de impregnado y polimerización del tejido que permite obtener un material con muy buenas propiedades ignífugas apropiado para diferentes usos, particularmente en sistemas de protección contra incendios.The fireproofing resistance is very useful in cloths for different uses. In order to obtain a new method for manufacturing cloths with better fireproofing properties, we have studied different impregnant systems which containing Furfural, Urea and a Phosphorilant agent. In this paper the spectroscopic variations of cloths impregnated, are characterised by infra-red spectrometty The variations of fireproofing properties of cloths are also studied. The studied fireproofing properties were time afterflame, time afterglow and burned flat. A technological procedure of impregnation and polymerisation of cloth, that allows us to obtain a material with very good fireproofing properties, kind for different uses, particularly again fire systems, is proposed.La résistance au feu est d'une grande utilité pour les tissus destinés a certains usages. Pour améliorer les propriétés ignifuges des tissus, les recherches ont porté sur plusieurs systèmes chimiques l'imprégnation contenant du furfural, de l'urée et un agent phosphorilant. Dans cette étude, nous avons caractérisé pár spectrométrie infrarouge les variations spectroscopiques des tissus en coton imprégnés avec différents systèmes chimiques et nous avons discuté les variations de leurs propriétés ignifuges. Les propriétés ignifuges étudiées sont: temps de combustion avec flamme, temps d'ignition résiduelle et superficie brûlée. Pour terminer, nous proposons une procédure technologique d'imprégnation et de polymérisation du tissu qui permet d'obtenir une matiere dotée de tres bonnes propriétés ignifuges, pouvant servir a divers usages, notamment aux systèmes de protection contre les incendies.Peer Reviewe

Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Fear of Childbirth Questionnaire (CFQ-e)

The fear of childbirth is a topical concern, yet the issue has barely been studied in Spain, and only one fear of childbirth measurement instrument has been validated in the country. The aim of this study was to translate, adapt and validate the Fear of Childbirth Questionnaire (CFQ) for use in Spain, as well as to describe and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of this instrument. In a first phase, a methodological study was carried out (translation–backtranslation and cross-cultural adaptation), and pilot study was carried out in the target population. In addition, content validation of the instrument was obtained (CFQ-e) from 10 experts. In the second phase, a cross-sectional study was carried out at several centres in Gran Canaria Island to obtain a validation sample. The evaluation of the psychometric properties of the CFQ-e, including construct validity through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, the calculation of reliability via factor consistency using the ORION coefficients as well as alpha and omega coefficients were carried out. The CFQ-e showed evidence of content validity, adequate construct validity and reliability. The CFQ-e is composed of 37 items distributed in four subscales or dimensions: “fear of medical interventions”; “fear of harm and dying”; “fear of pain” and “fears relating to sexual aspects and embarrassment”. The CFQ-e constitutes a valid and reliable tool to measure the fear of childbirth in the Spanish pregnant population

Effectiveness of “Escape Room” Educational Technology in Nurses’ Education: A Systematic Review

Escape room games are educational gamification technologies that consist of introducing a team of players into a physical or digital space in search of clues to answer puzzles, riddles or enigmas and solve a mystery or problem. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of escape room games on the training of nursing students in an international context. A systematic review was carried out in MEDLINE, WOS, SCOPUS, CINAHL and LILACS databases using the MeSH terms “Education, Nursing” and “Educational Technology”, and the free term “Escape room”, combined with Boolean operators AND/OR. Intervention studies in Spanish, English and Portuguese were included, without limitation for the year of publication. Selection and critical appraisal were conducted by two independent reviewers. A total of n = 13 interventional studies were included (n = 2 Randomized Clinical Trials and n = 11 quasi-experimental design). Escape rooms are a recent and growing educational methodology, increasingly used in academia and in the training of nurses and nursing students. However, it is necessary to expand their use and the quality of the studies in a greater number of contexts. Furthermore, it is necessary to homogenize and standardize validated instruments to evaluate the effectiveness of escape rooms in the nursing education area

Estudio del comportamiento a la combustión de diferentes tejidos como ropas protectoras.

Se realizó el Análisis Térmico Diferencial (ATD) y Termogravimétrico (TG) en atmósfera de aire a muestras de tejidos utilizadas como prendas protectoras para la extinción de incendios. Las muestras utilizadas son las siguientes: -Muestras de tejido de algodón con tratamiento retardante a la combustión con resina ureafutfural con distintos tipos de condensación. -Muestras de tejido de algodón blanqueadas sin tratamiento de acabado. -Muestras de tejido Nomex. -Muestra de tejido de algodón con tratamiento retardante a la combustión importada. Se caracterizaron las muestras por medio de análisis físico-mecánicos y se determinó el comportamiento a la combustión por medio de la determinación de la superficie quemada. Se pudo constatar que las muestras de tejido Nomex y las que presentan el tratamiento urea-urfural son las que más retardan el proceso de combustión. Se estudió además la influencia del tiempo de condensación en las propiedades térmicas del tejido con el tratamiento urea-futfural llegándose a la conclusión de que a mayor tiempo de condensación de la resina se obtienen los mejores resultados.Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Thermogravimetric Analysis were carried out in samples of fabrics, air exposed, as protecthe wear in fire extinction. Samples used were: -Cotton fabric with a retarding treatment to combustion with urea-furfural resin and different condensation times. -Cotton fabric bleached but without finishing treatment. -Nomex fabric. -Cotton fabric with a retarding agent to combustion. Samples were characterized by physico-mechanical analysis and the behaviour to combustion was examined by determining the burnt sutface. Nomex samples as well as samples treated with urea-furfural retard most the combustion process. The influence of the condensation time on the thermal properties of the fabric with the urea-futfural treatment was studied, the conclusion found being that the best results are achieved with the largest condensation time.Nous avons réalisé l'Analyse Thermique Différentielle (ATD) et Thermogravimétrique (TG) atmosphere d'air sur des échantillons de tissus utilisés comme vetements protecteurs pour l'extinction d'incendies. Les échantillons utilisés sont les suivants: -Échantillons de tissu en coton traités avec un produit qui retarde la combustion, à base de résine urée-futfural a différents taux de condensation. -Échantillons de tissu Nomex. -Échantillon de tissu en coton traité avec un produit qui retarde la combustion importée. Les échantillons ont été caractérisés par des analyses physico-mécaniques et le comportement a la combustion a été mesuré en déterminant la superficie brúlée. Nous avons pu constater que les échantillons de tissu Nomex et les échantillons soumis a un traitement urée-furfural sont ceux qui retardent le plus la combustion. Nous avons également étudié l'influence du temps de condensaiion sur les propriétés thermiques du tissu soumis à un traitement urée-furfural et en avons conclu que plus le temps de condensation de la résine est important meilleurs sont les résultats.Peer Reviewe

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Perceptions of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale in the Spanish Context (PEMS-e)

Midwifery empowerment is an important topic. The most widely used instrument to measure the perceived empowerment of midwives is the Perceptions of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale (PEMS), which has not been validated in Spain. The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the PEMS to the Spanish context. This research was carried out in two phases; Phase 1: Methodological study; translation, backtranslation and cross-cultural adaptation of the PEMS and pilot study on the target population (10 midwives) for evaluation of face validity. Phase 2: Cross-sectional observational study to obtain a sample for construct validation by Exploratory Factor Analysis and measurement of PEMS-e reliability. Additionally, an inferential analysis was carried out to study the possible association between several collected variables and PEMS-e subscale-scores. A total of 410 midwives from 18 Spanish regions participated in the study through an online questionnaire. An initial Spanish version of the PEMS scale was produced, demonstrating adequate face validity. A final model was produced for the PEMS-e, which included 17 items classified into two subscales (“Organizational support” and “Own skills and teamwork”) with fit indexes RMSEA = 0.062 (95%CI: 0.048–0.065) and AGFI = 0.985 (95%CI: 0.983–0.989) and Cronbach’s alpha 0.922 for the total scale. Results showed that one in four midwives had considered abandoning the profession in the last 6 months (p ≤ 0.001). This research suggests that Spanish midwives perceive their empowerment level as low. The PEMS-e is a valid tool with solid psychometric properties that can be used in future research to identify factors that contribute to increased empowerment among Spanish midwives and inform strategies to improve job satisfaction and retention in the profession

Temperature Behavior of Gunn Oscillations in Planar InGaAs Diodes

[EN]Planar Gunn diodes on In0.53Ga0.47 As with lengths between 2 and 5 μm have been fabricated and characterized in a temperature range of 10 to 300 K. Two different oscillation regimes are observed depending on temperature. At the higher values, the frequency of the oscillations decreases as the bias increases, as expected for a well-established transit-time domain mode. But below approximately 75 K, the behavior is the opposite, the frequency of the Gunn oscillations increases with the bias. This fact, together with a much lower amplitude of the oscillations, indicate the possible switch to a different oscillation mode in which the domains are not able to attain their complete maturation before reaching the anode.Spanish MINECO under Project TEC2017-83910-R and JCyL and FEDER under Project SA254P1