Geographical information technologies for the management of the territorial heritage: cultural landscapes of salt in Chile

La presente investigación ofrece resultados sobre el estudio de los paisajes culturales salados en Chile y su relación con los existentes en España, concretamente en Andalucía. El interés reside en estudiar áreas con latitudes y culturas similares, ya que las salinas estudiadas utilizan técnicas de producción artesanal, con grandependencia de los ciclos estacionales y la posición geográfica, al utilizar energías renovables. El aspecto cultural también es fundamental, pues ha determinado la aplicación y desarrollo de técnicas de explotación heredadas de la tradición española desde hace más de 400 años, aunque previamente existían salares “naturales” de explotación indígena. Actualmente este valioso patrimonio cultural presenta un importante proceso de abandono y olvido por parte de la sociedad chilena, al igual que ocurre en España. Esta circunstancia es una de las principales causas de su acelerado deterioro y desaparición en los últimos años y, por ello, se pretende fortalecer su conocimiento mediante el empleo de las TIGs.This research offers results on the study of cultural saltplants in Chile and their relationship with those existing in Spain, specifically in Andalusia. The interest lies in studying areas with similar latitudes and cultures, since the salinas studied use handcrafted production techniques, with great dependence on seasonal cycles and geographical location, using renewable energies. The cultural aspect is also fundamental, since it has determined the application and development of exploitation techniques inherited from the Span ish tradition for more than 400 years, although previously there were "natural" salt flats of indigenous exploitation. Currently, this valuable cultural heritage presents an important process of abandonment and oblivion by Chilean society, as occurs in Spain. This circumstance is one of the main causes of its accelerated deterioration and disappearance in recent years and, therefore, it is intended to strengthen its knowledge through the use of ITCs.Peer Reviewe

Mechanisms and functions of intestinal vascular specialization.

The intestinal vasculature has been studied for the last 100 years, and its essential role in absorbing and distributing ingested nutrients is well known. Recently, fascinating new insights into the organization, molecular mechanisms, and functions of intestinal vessels have emerged. These include maintenance of intestinal epithelial cell function, coping with microbiota-induced inflammatory pressure, recruiting gut-specific immune cells, and crosstalk with other organs. Intestinal function is also regulated at the systemic and cellular levels, such that the postprandial hyperemic response can direct up to 30% of systemic blood to gut vessels, while micron-sized endothelial cell fenestrations are necessary for nutrient uptake. In this review, we will highlight past discoveries made about intestinal vasculature in the context of new findings of molecular mechanisms underpinning gut function. Such comprehensive understanding of the system will pave the way to breakthroughs in nutrient uptake optimization, drug delivery efficiency, and treatment of human diseases

Physiological and tumoral consequences of Aurora B deregulation in adult mammals

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 23-01-2015Aurora B (Aurkb), one of the three members of the mammalian Aurora kinase family, is the catalytic component of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC), an essential regulator of chromosome segregation in mitosis. Despite the numerous studies on Aurora B function in cells, the physiological effects of Aurora B deregulation in vivo are unknown. In this work we have analysed conditional genetic depletion and overexpression mouse models for Aurkb that allowed us to modulate Aurora B expression in murine tissues and cells. Aurora B is indispensable for cell proliferation except during the initial stages of embryonic development in which it is substituted by Aurora C (Aurkc). Its widespread elimination in adult tissues led to an ageing phenotype characterized by proliferative defects and aneuploidy. The observed mitotic arrest in tissues was a consequence of less regenerative capacity of adult stem cells. This was accompanied by a stress response characterized by the induction of p53 and p21Cip1. On the other hand, Aurkb is overexpressed in human tumours although whether this kinase may function as an oncogene in vivo is not established. Here, we take advantage of a new mouse model in which the expression of the endogenous Aurkb locus can be induced in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of Aurora B in cultured cells induced defective chromosome segregation and aneuploidy. Long-term overexpression of Aurora B in vivo resulted in aneuploidy and the development of multiple spontaneous tumours in adult mice including high incidence of lymphomas. In line with previous reports linking Aurora B with p53 activity, overexpression of Aurora B resulted in reduced DNA damage response and decreased levels of the p53 target p21Cip1 in vitro and in vivo, in concordance with an inverse correlation between Aurora B and p21Cip1 expression in human leukaemias. Thus, overexpression of Aurora B may contribute to tumour formation not only by inducing chromosomal instability but also suppressing the function of the cell cycle inhibitor p21Cip1. In addition, overexpression of Aurora B in vivo resulted in the deposit of white adipose tissue (WAT) inside the Brown adipose tissue (BAT), liver steatosis and in adipose hyperplasia, which suggests a role for Aurora B outside mitosis. Finally, since Aurora C is the kinase that drives mitosis in early zygotes, we have analysed its role in stemness potential. Our data suggest that Aurora C is induced during the reprogramming process and that its upregulation results in enhanced number of stem cells colonies during reprogramming accompanied by deregulation of specific epigenetic marks. These data suggest specific functions for Aurora C in the pluripotent condition.La quinasa Aurora B (Aurkb), uno de los tres miembros de la familia de quinasas Aurora, es el componente catalítico del complejo pasajero de los cromosomas (CPC), un regulador esencial de la segregación cromosómica durante el proceso de mitosis. Aunque su función celular se ha estudiado en detalle, los efectos fisiológicos de su desregulación in vivo se desconocen. En este trabajo hemos analizado dos modelos animales para Aurora B, uno de elimación y otro de sobre-expresión que nos han permitido modular la expresión de Aurora B en células y tejidos de ratón. Aurora B es indispensable para una adecuada proliferación celular excepto durante las primeros estadíos del desarrollo embrionario en los que es sustituida por Aurora C. Su eliminación en tejidos adultos lleva a un fenotipo de envejecimiento prematuro, caracterizado por defectos en proliferación y aneuploidía. El arresto mitótico observado en los tejidos es consecuencia de una menor capacidad regenerativa de las células madre adultas. Además observamos una respuesta al estrés caracterizada por una inducción de p53 y p21Cip1. Por otra parte, Aurora B está sobre-expresada en tumores humanos aunque no está establecido si puede funcionar como un oncogen. Gracias a la generación de un nuevo modelo animal inducimos la expresión del gen endógeno de Aurora B in vitro e in vivo. La sobre-expresión de Aurora B en células induce defectos en la segregación cromosómica y aneuploidía y a largo plazo en ratones adultos provoca aneuploidia y múltiples tumores, predominantetmente linfomas. En consonancia con resultados anteriores que correlacionan Aurora B con la actividad de p53, la sobre-expresión de Aurora B provoca una menor respuesta al daño al DNA y una disminución en los niveles de la diana de p53, el inhibidor del ciclo celular p21Cip1, in vitro e in vivo. Datos que están en consonancia con la correlación inversa en cuanto a la expresión de Aurora B y p21Cip1 en leucemias humanas. Además los ratones que sobre-expresan Aurora B presentan tejido adiposo blanco en el tejido adiposo marrón, esteatosis en hígado e hiperplasia de adipocitos, lo que indica un posible papel de Aurora B fuera de mitosis. Finalmente, debido a que Aurora C es la quinasa encargada de dirigir la mitosis durante los primeros estadíos embrionarios decidimos analizar el papel de Aurora C en la generación de la condición pluripotente. Observamos su activación durante la reprogramación celular además de un aumento en la eficiencia de formación de colonias y desregulación de marcas epigenéticas cuando sobre-expresamos Aurora C, sugiriendo funciones específicas de esta quinasa en el mantenimiento del potencial pluripotente

Construcción de herramientas matemáticas para la predicción del comportamiento de los caudales punta en la Región del Maule

175 p.Este estudio investiga el comportamiento de las crecidas por medio del análisis de los caudales punta en cuatro estaciones fluviométricas, distribuidas en las cuencas el río Maule y el Mataquito. Estas estaciones fueron Maule en Forel, Claro en Rauquén, Loncomilla en Bodega y Mataquito en Licantén, las cuales se ubican aguas abajo de la cuenca. Para cada una de ellas, se escogieron tres estaciones ubicadas aguas arriba, denominadas como estaciones predictoras de las estaciones aguas abajo. A partir de la relación de los caudales punta aguas arriba, con los caudales punta aguas abajo, se obtuvo un Índice, a través del cual se observó la relación que existe entre los valores de la crecida de ambos caudales. De igual forma, fue posible generar modelos matemáticos capaces de predecir el caudal punta aguas abajo, a partir de los caudales punta de las estaciones ubicada aguas arriba. Se probó una gran variedad de modelos, escogiendo aquellos que presentaron un mejor el ajuste en cada caso, para la modelación con una, con dos y con tres estaciones predictoras. Para validar la calidad de los modelos seleccionados, se utilizaron el Coeficiente de Determinación (R2), el Error estándar de estimación (EEE) y el Test de concordancia de Bland y Altman (ACBA), con lo cual se escogió finalmente el mejor para cada caso. Los resultados obtenidos con el Error estándar de estimación y el Test de Bland y Altman, indican que la mayoría de los modelos seleccionados con dos estaciones predictoras son capaces de realizar una mejor predicción. Por otro lado, se calculó el tiempo que demora en producirse la crecida en la estación ubicada aguas abajo, luego de producirse en la estación aguas arriba, concluyendo que, de las cuatro estaciones observadas, la estación mataquito en Licantén, es la que posee un mayor margen de tiempo para anticipar una crecida./ ABSTRACT: This research shows the behavior of flooding through the peak flows analysis in four fluvial stations distributed in the basins of the Maule river and the Mataquito river. These stations were Maule en Forel, Claro en Rauquén, Loncomilla en las Brisas, and Mataquito en Licantén which are located downstream of the basin. For each basin it was chosen three stations upstream called themselves predictor stations of the downstream stations. From the relation between upstream peak flows and downstream peak flows there was an indicator that noticed the relationship that existed between the values of both peak flows. Similarly it was possible to generate mathematical models capable of predicting the downstream peak flow from the upstream peak flows of the stations located upstream. Tested a variety of models choosing those that presented a better adjustment in each case for the modeling with one, two, and three predictor stations. To assess the quality of the selected models was used the coefficient of determination (R2), standard error of estimate (EEE) and the conformity test of Bland and Altman (ACBA), in order to choose the best for each case. The results obtained with the standard error of estimation and test of Bland and Altman indicate that most of the selected models with two predictor stations are capable to make a better prediction. Finally, it was calculated the time that takes to produce the flood located downstream station, following in the upstream station. In conclusion, the four stations observed, the Mataquito en Licantén station possesed a bit more time to anticipate a flood

Adaptación y estructura factorial de la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria en niños y adolescentes chilenos

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the International Program of Cooperation of AID. Projects PAI80160045 and MEC80180087The high prevalence of mental disorders related to anxiety and depressive mood during childhood and adolescence requires a constant screening of the levels of such variables. For that purpose, instruments that are valid, reliable and easy to administrate are needed. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) represents an instrument with those characteristics. The aim of this study was to adapt the HADS, in a representative sample (between 8 and 16 years old) of Chilean children and adolescents. The study was conducted in four stages: cognitive interviews (N=10), confirmatory factor analysis (N=467), test-retest with two weeks (n=126) and one-month (n=227) intervals. The results indicated that the adapted HADS, with an extension of 12 items, would have a structure of two factors (anxiety and depressive mood), adequate reliability for the anxiety subscale (alpha = .75), but not for depression (alpha = .65), an absence of a significant correlation between factors, and differences according to gender and type of school. It is concluded that the adapted HADS is reliable for its use with Chilean adolescents. This study supports the two-factor structure of anxiety-depression. However, the structure of three factors also reached significant adjustment coefficients.La alta prevalencia de trastornos mentales relacionados con la ansiedad y el estado de ánimo depresivo durante la infancia y la adolescencia requiere una detección oportuna de los niveles de tales variables en esta población. Para este propósito se requieren instrumentos válidos, confiables y fáciles de administrar. La Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HADS) representa un instrumento con esas características. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar la HADS en una muestra representativa (entre 8 y 16 años) de niños y adolescentes chilenos. El estudio se realizó en cuatro etapas: entrevistas cognitivas (N = 10), análisis factorial confirmatorio (N = 467), test-retest en intervalos de dos semanas (n = 126) y un mes (n = 227). Los resultados indicaron que la HADS adaptada de 12 ítems, tendría una estructura de dos factores (ansiedad y ánimo depresivo), confiabilidad adecuada para la subescala de ansiedad (alfa= .75), pero no para el ánimo depresivo (alfa= .65), ausencia de correlación significativa entre factores y diferencias según género y tipo de escuela. Se concluye que la HADS adaptada es confiable para su uso con adolescentes chilenos. Este estudio apoya la estructura de dos factores de ansiedad-depresión, sin embargo, la estructura de tres factores también alcanzó coeficientes de ajuste significativos.International Program of Cooperation of AID PAI80160045 MEC8018008

Bioeconomic Indicators of Ateleia cubensis (DC) Dietr for Production with Ruminants in Camaguey, Cuba.

Assessment of bioeconomic indicators of Ateleia cubensis (DC) Dietr. for production with ruminants was made, on ferromagnesium brown-red fersialitic soils of ultramafic savannahs in Camaguey, Cuba. The bioeconomic effect was simulated with a dual-purpose production system oriented to milk sales as the main product, on land covering 35 ha. The creation of a  protein bank is  recommended  in the area, using  A. cubensis  (DC) Dietr, on 15% of the total farm area. To simulate milk production response, feed balances were performed, all based on likely grass consumption and feeds used, according to their nutritional quality. The budget was portioned for analysis to determine  plant suitability for protein banks. Feasibility of the plant as a local source of protein for cattle was demonstrated through a bioeconomic perspectiv

Study on the Level of Knowledge in Dental Medical Emergencies of Dentistry Students through Neutrosophic Values

Abstract. This research carries out an analysis of the level of knowledge in dental medical emergencies of tenth semester dentistry students at Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes UNIANDES, during the academic period April-August 2019, related to the reception of first aid courses. For this purpose, we made use of the neutrosophic theory, through the application of the single valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) associated to linguistic variables to evaluate the students' answers to the applied questionnaire. As a main result, we obtained a negative evaluation of the level of knowledge of dental medical emergencies for the students who have not received the first aid course

Evaluación técnica, econçomica y ambiental de la elaboración de alimento para cerdo a partir del orujo de aceituna desechado del proceso de elaboración de aceite de oliva

115 p.El orujo de aceituna es un desecho eliminado del proceso de elaboración del aceite de oliva, este desperdicio no tiene una utilización o un fin dentro de las empresas y su acopio podría traer grandes problemas ambientales para las elaboradoras de aceite; por eso se ha visto en este residuo una oportunidad de aprovecharlo generando un producto derivado de él, sumando a ello una posible solución a futuros problemas ambientales. La idea de trabajar con este desecho es utilizarlo de una manera segura y con la finalidad de obtener un nuevo beneficio económico para la Agrícola y Forestal Don Rafael, empresa donde se elaborará dicho proyecto. Generar alimento de cerdos a partir del orujo de aceituna se transforma en un reto. Para la elaboración de este, se requiere una serie de pruebas de laboratorio con las que se determinará ciertamente los componentes que el orujo entrega, una vez hecho esto es necesario que el alimento sea completo, es decir, que cuente con todos los nutrientes que el cerdo requiere para su desarrollo, por tal razón los demás compuestos serán extraídos del excremento de gallinas, el cual se caracteriza por los grandes nutrientes que aporta. Una vez realizado los procedimientos técnicos necesarios para la producción del alimento se procederá a efectuar una evaluación económica de la elaboración del mismo, dentro de la empresa fabricante de aceite de oliva, donde se analizarán los distinto factores que involucran su evaluación , es decir, un estudio profundo del macro y microambiente que rodea a la Agrícola, por consiguiente se generará un completo estudio a las diversas alternativas de producción del alimento, además de seleccionar la tecnología, procesos, materia prima, etc., necesarias para la mejor opción de generación de este nuevo producto./ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:The pomace is a waste removed from the elaboration process of olive oil, this waste does not have an use or purpose inside companies, and their accumulation could bring major environmental problems for oil processors, so we have seen an opportunity in this wasteto take advantage of generating a derivative of it, adding to it apossible solution to future environmental problems. The idea of working with this waste is to use it in a safe way with the purpose to obtain new economic benefit to the San Rafael Agricultural and Forestry Company, where the project will be developed. Building pig feed from the pomace becomes a challenge. To elaborate it, requires a series of test laboratory which certainly will determine the components that pomace delivery, once done it is necessary that the food is integral, ergo that has all the nutrients it requires for its development, this is the reason to extract other compounds from chicken stool, which characterized by great nutrients it provides. Once the technical procedures necessary for the production of food shall be made, there will be an economic evaluation of elaboration of these product, inside the company, which will analyze the different factors that involve their evaluation, ergo a profound study of macro and micro environment surrounding the Agricultural and Forestry Company, therefore will generate a complete study of diverse alternativest or food production, also selecting the technology, processes, raw materials, etc. necessary for choice the best option to generate this new product

On a Torelli Principle for automorphisms of Klein hypersurfaces

We compute all the remaining automorphism groups of Klein hypersurfaces of dimension n>0 and degree d>2 with (n,d) different from (2,4). We introduce the concept of extremal polarized Hodge structures, which are structures that admit an automorphism of large prime order. Using this notion, we compute the automorphism group of the rational polarized Hodge structure of certain Klein hypersurfaces that we call of Wagstaff type, which are characterized by the existence of an automorphism of large prime order. For cubic hypersurfaces and some other values of (n,d), we show that both groups coincide (up to involution) as predicted by the Torelli Principle.Comment: 21 page

A comparative study of the behaviour/stress distribution (tensional forces) around short and standard length implants on the posterior area to the maxilla. Finite element analysis

Current studies conclude that the maximum tension and the greater distribution of forces would occur around the implant neck endorsing the use of short implants. Objectives: Compare the distribution of tensions between a short dental implant osseointegratted osseous availabilities in different vertical and standard osseointegratted implants in the posterior maxilla in mixed terrain. Know the stress distribution of each of the biological models created for this study. Study whether the increased diameter of the short implant favorably affect the comparative distribution of stress. Analyze whether the result obtained in different biological models created with the proponed variables support the use of short dental implants. The method used was the Finite Elements Method (MEF), which allows to solve differential equations associated to a physics problems about complicated geometries. Results: The locations of the maximum values of Mises are concentrated in the cervical portion of the implant. Tensions in the implant in all models are in the same range. Also, is observed that the higher the modulus of elasticity of the elements of the models, the greater the absorption of forces by them. Stress in cortical bone in the models showed no significant differences, but in the model where the diameter of the implant is increased to 4.8, a marked decrease occurs in the bone stress. The comparison of the stresses in the cancellous bone shows that there is difference in the stresses produced in the bone with Bio-Oss®. The Bio-Oss® bone replacement is located in the apical portion of the implant is therefore far from the area of greatest concentration of effort. Conclusion: The maximum concentration of force is in the cervical portion of the implant, son this location is independent of the length of the implant. It is more important and favorable to increase the diameter of the implant than its length. Query the application of previous surgery techniques in order to modify the way of use of standard dental implants, from the biomechanical point of view, the regenerated bone does not support forces, because it?s scarce mechanical resistance, and remoteness from the site of higher force concentration. Placement of short implants in soft bone seems possible, but we recommend further research to reach more firm conclusions. Al lasts, the criterion of implant choice to the various situations of field implantation depends on operator judgment (learning curve).Fil: Loyola González, Pablo Octavio. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra Prostodoncia IV B; ArgentinaFil: Férnandez Bodereau, Enrique (h). Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia III A; ArgentinaFil: De Leonardi, Guillermo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Secretaría Académica; ArgentinaOdontología, Medicina y Cirugía Ora