Hypothalamic and mesencephalic regions involved in the control of laryngeal activity and subglottic pressure in spontaneously breathing anaesthetized rats

Changes of laryngeal caliber allow changes in airflow which are necessary for the vibration of the vocal folds and emission of voice. It is known that stimulation of the Periaqueductal Gray matter (PAG) and nucleus retroambiguus (nRA) produces vocalization, and lesions in PAG cause mutism in animals and humans. The nRA is the perfect target to turn passive into active expiration modifying the activity of laryngeal motoneurons located in the nucleus ambiguous (Paton and Nolan, 2000). We have shown that rostral and ventral pontine structures are involved in changes of laryngeal caliber (Lara et al., 2002). It has been also demonstrated a high expression of FOXP2 protein (transcription factor related to vocalization) at mesencephalic and pontine regions (PAG, Parabrachial complex and A5 Region) involved in cardiorespiratory control. The aim of this study was to characterize the relations between hypothalamic and mesencephalic regions involved in cardiorespiratory control and their possible role in modulating laryngeal activity. Experimental studies were carried out with non-inbred male rats (n=7), SPF, Sprague-Dawley (250-300 g) housed under standard conditions. Animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone (60 mg/kg i.p., initial dose, supplemented 2 mg/kg, i.v., as necessary). A double tracheal cannulation to develop the classical technique of the “glottis isolated in situ” and for the recording of respiratory airflow was carried out. DMH-PeF, dlPAG, and CnF stimulations evoked a significant decrease of laryngeal resistance (subglottal pressure) (p<0.01) accompanied with an inspiratory facilitatory response consisted of an increase in respiratory rate, together with a pressor and tachycardic response. The results of our study contribute with new data on the role of the hypothalamic-mesencephalic neuronal circuits in the control mechanisms of subglottic pressure and laryngeal activity.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Bounds on EFT's in an expanding Universe

We find bounds on the Wilson coefficients of effective field theories (EFTs) living in a Universe undergoing expansion by requiring that its modes do not propagate further than a minimally coupled photon by a resolvable amount. To do so, we compute the spatial shift suffered by the EFT modes at a fixed time slice within the WKB approximation and the regime of validity of the EFT. We analyze the bounds arising on shift-symmetric scalars and curved space generalizations of Galileons.Comment: double-column, 7 pages plus appendices and references, 2 figures; v2 matches the published versio

Del Instruir a Construir, una Perspectiva desde lo Pedagógico a lo Metodológico.

For teachers it is important that their students are always participating more, where it transcends from wrote learning information and then repeating it, and that surely, this repetition will be sufficient and that information, which in the future they will not know what its for, much less what do with it; so it is advisable and urgent today for educational institutions, to develop educational ideas that entice and motivate students to dare to think, make mistakes in their development as they are able to achieve basic skills, to help interpret, argue and create within a vocational and social context. Coll, 1986. ..... But it is not enough to motivate the student to build a new country, who motivates the teacher?.Para los docentes es importante que sus Estudiantes sean cada vez más participativos, donde se trascienda de grabar memorísticamente información para después repetir, y que seguramente, lo que repitan serán contenidos e información que a futuro NO sabrán para que les sirve y mucho menos, qué hacer con ella; por esto es recomendable y urgente hoy para las Instituciones educativas, desarrollar propuestas pedagógicas que inviten y motiven al Estudiante a atreverse a pensar, a equivocarse para construir y a que sean capaces de alcanzar competencias básicas, que ayuden a interpretar, argumentar y proponer dentro de un contexto laboral y social. Coll, 1986. .…. Pero no es suficiente con motivar al estudiante a construir un nuevo País, ¿quién motiva al Maestro?

La plataforma como continuidad del espacio colectivo

Trabajo de gradoEl documento expone de manera corta el trabajo realizado en el barrio las cruces con un plan de intervención urbano como los centros de manzana con el fin de revitalizar no solo las manzanas sino en general el barrio teniendo en cuenta que estos centros de manzana se conectan por medio de los callejones existentes creando así un tejido de revitalización urbana.PregradoArquitect

Yo mismo como alguien más. La identidad personal y el lenguaje

1 archivo PDF (18 páginas). magyetnLos criterios clásicos (corporales y psicológicos) usados a través del tiempo para explicar la identidad personal no son solamente insuficientes sino poco fiables. El debate contemporáneo, notablemente el anglosajón, parece limitarse a estos dos criterios. El autor de este estudio propone un nuevo criterio de identidad personal: el criterio lingüístico. Este es a la vez un criterio ontológico (por lo constitutivo) y epistemológico (por lo cognitivo) de la identidad de la persona a través del tiempo. El autor basa sus argumentos en experiencias de la neurocirugía, apoyándose en escritos de la filosofía francesa del lenguaje. En este sentido, Paul Ricoeur, Francis Jacques y Denis Vernant son las principales referencias. ABSTRACT: The traditional criteria (physical and psychological) used over time to explain personal identity are not only insufficient but unreliable. The contemporary debate, notably the Anglo-Saxon approach, seems to be limited on these two criteria. The author of this study proposes a new criterion of personal identity: the language criterion. This one is both, an ontological (as constitutive) and epistemological approach (as cognitive) of the identity of the person across the time. The author bases his arguments on neurosurgery’s experiences, supported on writings of French philosophy of language. In this sense, Paul Ricoeur, Francis Jacques and Denis Vernant are the main references. PALABRAS CLAVE: Identidad personal, lingüística, ontológico, epistemológico, neurocirugía, personalidad, traducción e interpretación. KEYWORDS: Personal identity, linguistics, ontological, epistemological, neurosurgery, personality, translating and interpreting