The fish family Muraenidae: an ideal group for testing at small-scale the coherency of Macaronesia as a biogeographic unit, with the first report on separate fishery statistics

: The present study was conceptualized to study the muraenid species (moray eels) occurring around the volcanic archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary and Cabo Verde islands (eastern-central Atlantic). The biogeographic patterns of these species were analysed and compared. We then hypothesized that this fish family is an ideal group for testing at small-scale the coherency of Macaronesia and its direct biogeographic units: i.e. the Azores, Webbnesia and Cabo Verde, as proposed in recent scientific literature. Additionally, this paper provides for the first time separate fishery statistics for this group in the region that were analysed to contrast the biogeographic results.En prensa1,00

On the presence of Trachinus pellegrini (Trachinidae) in the Canary and Cape Verde Islands (north-eastern Atlantic)

Présence de Trachinus pellegrini (Trachinidae) aux îles Canaries etCanaries et aux îles du Cap-Vert (Atlantique nord-est). Trachinus pellegrini Cadenat, 1937 est signalée pour la première fois aux îles Canaries, ce qui représente sa limite de répartition la plus septentrionale. Les différences morphologiques entre adultes et juvéniles sont également présentées. La présence de cette espèce aux îles du Cap-Vert est aussi confirmée.Postprin

New and rare records of teleost fishes from the Cape Verde Islands (eastern-central Atlantic Ocean)

As a result of six exploratory surveys and several opportunistic catches in the Cape Verde Islands from a few metres to about 1000 m of depth, a list of 66 species of teleost fishes is given, six of which are first records from the archipelago: Gnathophis mystax (Congridae), Nezumia africana, Nezumia duodecim (Macrouridae), Ectreposebastes imus (Scorpaenidae), Paraliparis sp. (Liparidae) and Lappanella fasciata (Labridae). Additionally, data on six poorly-known species is also given: Myroconger compressus (Myrocongridae), Myrichthys pardalis, Phaenomonas longissima (Ophichthidae), Sphagemacrurus hirundo (Macrouridae), Gadella imberbis and Physiculus cyanostrophus (Moridae). Data includes distribution, habitat, morphometry and reproduction.Six campagnes exploratoires ainsi que quelques captures opportunistes réalisées de quelques mètres jusqu’à environ 1000 m de profondeur aux îles du Cap-Vert ont permis d’établir une liste comprenant 66 espèces de poissons téléostéens. Six espèces sont signalées pour la première fois aux îles du Cap-Vert : Gnathophis mystax (Congridae), Nezumia africana, Nezumia duodecim (Macrouridae), Ectreposebastes imus (Scorpaenidae), Paraliparis sp. (Liparidae) et Lappanella fasciata (Labridae). La présence de six autres espèces mal connues est confirmée pour cet archipel : Myroconger compressus (Myrocongridae), Myrichthys pardalis, Phaenomonas longissima (Ophichthidae), Sphagemacrurus hirundo (Macrouridae), Gadella imberbis et Physiculus cyanostrophus (Moridae). Les données présentées concernent la distribution, l’habitat, la morphométrie et la reproduction.Postprin

The striped soldier shrimp Plesionika edwardsii (Crustacea:Decapoda:Pandalidae) from the cape Verde Islands

This study is part of the PROACTIVA 1-2 (2009-2012) and MARPROF-CV (2010-2014) projects, in the framework of the Canary Islands Government and UE PCT MAC 2007-2013 programmes respectively. Research has mainly focused on the stock assessment of the striped soldier shrimp, Plesionika edwardsii (Brandt, 1851), because it has shown moderate to high levels of fishing yield and abundances compatible with the development of a new sustainable fishery in the Cape Verde Islands. Cruises took place on board the R/V Prof. Ignacio Lozano. Four 15-day surveys have been conducted to date: Cabo Verde 2010-04 (April 2010), Camar˜ao-1 (November 2011), Camar˜ao-2 (Mars 2012) and Camar ˜ao-3 (July 2012). An innovative fishing gear so-called multiple semi-floating shrimp trap (MSFST) was used. Each fishing line was composed by 40-65 traps operating around 2.4 m above the seafloor, using Decapterus macarellus (Carangidae) as unique bait of the traps. Fishing depth was 66-458 m, and efective fishing time was 16-18 h. Each trap was attached to the main bottom line every 15 m, and the maximum attraction of this bait was established to be 100 or 150 m, according to the experience gained from the local fishery for deep-sea lobsters. So density by area was calculated assuming two different areas of attraction of the fishing gear. Initial biomass was estimated from depletion experiments at different abundance stations by applying the Leslie & Davis (1939) method, modified by Ricker (1975). Each fishing operation was classified according to its yield (CPUE in g/trap/night). The potential fishing planar area was estimated between the isobathymetric lines between 90 and 220 m. Total biomasses (Bt) were calculated from areas (km2) and mean minimum/maximum densities (kg/km2). Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) was estimated from Bt using the Beddington and Cooke (1983) model by entering natural mortality (0.6), growth rate (0.53 year�1) and recruitment age (1.32 year), which are the parameters for this target species published for the Canaries. These parameters estimate a biological exploitation rate ( ) of 0.262. Interpolations were applied to estimate MSY for insular stocks representing lesser than 5% of the total fishing grounds for this species in the archipelago. The MSY estimated by depletion were 30.5 tons/year for the stock of S˜ao Vicente, Santa Luzia, Ilheus and S˜ao Nicolau, 10 tons/year for the stock of Santiago, 138.8 tons/year for the stock of Boa Vista and Maio, and 5.6 tons/year for the stock of Sal. The small stocks estimated by interpolation were: 4.5 tons/year for the stock of Santo Ant˜ao, 1.3 tons/year for the stock of Fogo, and 1.8 tons/year for the stock of Brava and Ilheus. In total, 192.5 tons per year was the total MSY for the striped soldier shrimp around the islands of the Cape Verde archipelago, occupying a total area of 1,918 km2 of new fishing grounds at between 90 and 220 m of depth. In comparison with the traditional bottom trap used in the Canary Islands, the innovative fishing gear MSFST were proved to be more selective for pandalid shrimps, minimizing the gear impact on the seafloor as well as the by-catch by reducing the discards. Depletion methods are based on the assumption of a closed system, that is with minimum or zero immigration between neighbouring areas. The straight forward decline of CPUEs obtained during the depletion experiments seems to confirm that P. edwardsii is a low mobility species, making this assumption valid at least during short-time periods. Because of the bathymetry profile of these islands,the depth range is from very close (few nautical miles in Santiago) to far away (10-12 n.m. in Boa Vista) to the coastline. Fishing effort should be controlled on the basis of quotas, number of fishing vessels and a precautionary approach in order to ensure that catching is commensurate with sustainable levels of exploitation. MSY estimates suggest that this new Capeverdean fishery should be carried out by specialized medium-sized fishing vessels. During the last decades a combination of shrimp trawling and industrial trapping activity has threatened over-exploitation in the Mediterranean fisheries targeting on P. edwardsii; currently the shrimp collapse has conducted to the decline of these fisheries. Can the Cape Verde regulatory bodies and all the stakeholders involved learn the lessons this teaches us about this resource management

By-catch composition of the striped soldier shrimp Plesionika edwardsii (Crustace: Decapoda: Pandalidae) experimental fishery in the Cape Verde Islands

This work focuses on the by-catch composition of Plesionika edwardsii experimental fishery in the Cape Verde Islands. Obtaining information on abundance, composition and lifecycle of species involved in this potential fishery is useful, in order to ensure its sustainable development under an ecosystem approach. The first step towards this goal is the description of catches. Four 15-day research surveys were conducted on board the R/V Prof. Ignacio Lozano: April 2010 (S˜ao Vicente and Santa Luzia islands), November 2011 (Santiago island), March 2012 (Boa Vista island,) and July 2012 (Sal and S˜ao Nicolau islands). The working depths were between 66 and 458 m depth. A standardized innovative fishing gear was used, so-called multiple semi-floating shrimp traps. Each fishing line was composed by 40-65 traps operating around 2.4 m above the seafloor, using Decapterus macarellus (Carangidae) as unique bait of the traps. Multiple semi-floating shrimp traps is a passive fishing system that allows catch and release sea significant part of the unwanted catches, as in the case of Chondrichthyes or Anguilliformes, reducing the fishing impact on non-target species. The main by-catch was composed of 53 species belonging to three groups including Chondrichthyes (three families and three species), Crustacea (11 families and 19 species) and Osteichthyes (15 families and 29 species). Plesionika edwardsii, the target species of this fishery, represented 97.8% of the catch in terms of abundance and 40.1% in biomass. By-catch represented 59.9% of total catch in terms of biomass. Osteichthyes (87.5%) were the dominant group and was represented by the following main families; Sparidae (33.9%), Moridae (32.5%), Muraenidae (32.5%), Scorpaenidae (9.9%) and Tetraodontidae (9.8%). Chondrichthyes (11.6%) were composed by Centrophoridae (65.3%) and Triakidae (34.1%). Finally, Crustacea (1.9%) were chiefly composed by Pandalidae (79.1%). However, different families represented by specific species were found to be dominant around each island. Sparidae were the dominant family represented by Pagellus acarne (46.2% of total by-catch) at S˜ao Vicente, and by Dentex macrophthalmus (42.6%) at Boa Vista. Tetraodontidae with Sphoeroides pachygaster (25.9%) and Sparidae with P. acarne (25.1%) were the co-dominant families in the by-catch around Santa Luzia. Muraenidae were the dominant family represented by Gymnothorax polygonius (69.4%) at Sal, and by Muraena helena (63.4%) at S˜ao Nicolau. Finally, Scorpaenidae with Pontinus kuhlii (22.3%) and Moridae with Physiculus cyanostrophus (22.1%) were the co-dominant families of the bycatch around Santiago. Acknowledgements: This study is part of the PROACTIVA 1-2 (2009-2012) and MARPROF-CV (2010-2014) projects, in the framework of the Canary Islands Government and UE PCT MAC 2007- 2013 programmes respectively

Assessing sea grass meadows condition at “El Río” Special Area of Conservation off “La Graciosa e Islotes del Norte de Lanzarote” Marine Reserve

Cymodosea nodosa meadows, known as ‘sebadales’ or ‘manchones’ at Canary Islands, represent EUNIS habitat type code A5.5311, called Macaronesian Cymodocea beds. As it’s described at European Union Habitats Directive (92/43/CEE) Annex 1, sea grass meadows belong to 1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by seawater all the time, within Natura 2000 Network. Several ‘sebadales’ throughout the archipelago are included in this Network as Special Areas of Conservation. Cymodosea nodosa is regionally included within the Canary Islands Protected Species List (Ley 4/2010), as a species ‘of interest to ecosystems of Canary Islands”, is usually found at a narrow depth range (10 to 20 m of depth) and, on the whole, best structured meadows are settled at sheltered bays, away from wave and current beating, flimsier at exposed areas. Deeper meadows are also sparser, being C. nodosa replaced by green algae Caulerpa prolifera and Caulerpa racemosa, although mixed algae-sea grass meadows are often found at different depths. The project Assessment of marine flora (‘sebadal’, ma¨erl, ‘mujo’) of ‘La Graciosa e Islotes del Norte de Lanzarote’ Marine Reserve, funded by ‘Viceconsejer´ıa de Pesca y Aguas de la Consejer´ıa de Agricultura, Ganader´ıa, Pesca y Aguas’, Canary Islands Government, has had the aim of assessing sea grass meadows condition and distribution at ‘El R´ıo’ Natura 2000 Network Special Area of Conservation, the channel between La Graciosa and Lanzarote. ‘LA GRACIOSA 1311’ cruise was performed within the framework of the project. First of all previous information on sea grass shallow distribution (up to a depth of 20 m) in the study area was reviewed. Afterwards, a tugged underwater video camera was used onboard of the Marine Reserve Surveillance Vessel to update cartographic info performing a grid of sampling stations, covering previously known distribution limits and verifying current presence/absence data and density. Furthermore, population parameters were obtained in order to assess ‘sebadal’ condition. Fixed stations were selected in regards to this process, and methodology applied on them was as follows: five radial arranged transects were performed, identifying fragmentation (it estimates meadow continuity regarding observed cover), density (mean value of several shoots number counts with 20 x 20 cm grids placed every 2 m), height (mean value in cm of 10 independent samples by transect) and fish and macroinvertebrate species richness for each transect. Graphic picture of sea grass density was made depending on two levels: low density level transects ( 10 shoots/grid ( 50 shoots/m2) and medium density level transects ( 10 shoots/grid ( 50 shoots/m2). Main study result is an estimate for the study region (‘El R´ıo’) and time of year of Cymodocea nodosa population total distribution cover which comes to 1.640.076 m2, including a higher density ‘sebadal’ of 178.256 m2

Selective production of Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde by Photo-assisted Oxidation of Glycerol

Glycerol is a by-product during biodiesel production and represents a potential low-cost raw material for obtaining high-cost products like Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and glyceraldehyde (GCD) amongst others. In this work, Fe-Pillared clay (Fe-PILC) was assessed as catalyst of the selective photo-oxidation of glycerol to obtain DHA and GCD at moderate conditions (298 K and atmospheric pressure). This was conducted in a 100 mL Pyrex glass batch reactor where a Pen-Ray lamp of mercury of 5.5 Watts UV light (UVP) was placed at the centre. The Fe-PILC was prepared by ion exchange. The pillaring was confirmed by XRD, and a 17% w/w of Fe was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The active phases were established by XPS and found to be FeO and Fe3O4. The specific surface area of the clay (bentonite), determined by N2 physisorption, increased from 34 m2/g to 227 m2/g and the pore volume increased from 0.058 cm3/g to 0.106 cm3/g. The studied variables were catalyst loading and glycerol initial concentration. An experiment with TiO2 Degussa P25 was also performed as reference. It was found that by adding Fe-PILC to the glycerol oxidation system, selectivity towards DHA or GCD can be tuned. A selectivity towards DHA was found to be 87% with 0.1 g/L of Fe-Pillared after 8 h reaction. The in situ production ofH2O2 was observed and therefore concluded that the glycerol oxidation occurs via a Fenton process, i.e. via free radicals.CONAYCT project 269093 UAEM project 437

Effects of the anthropogenics pressures (marine litter) on the coastal ecosystems of the Marine Reserve “Isla de La Graciosa e islotes del norte de Lanzarote”

The European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC) considers marine litter as one of its environmental descriptors, requiring the development and standardization of criteria and methodologies for its use to test the good environmental status of marine conditions. The assessment of the impact caused by litter accumulation in the shoreline lacked specific monitoring planning and had not been systematically performed to date in Canary Islands. During the project ”Evaluation of the effect of the anthropogenic pressures (marine litter in beaches and alteration of shallow seabed by boats anchoring) on the coastal ecosystems of the “Marine Reserve of Isla de La Graciosa e islotes del norte de Lanzarote (MRLG)” developed with the financial help of the Canary Islands Government (Council of Agriculture, Ranching, Fishing and Waters), two surveys were carried out, ”LA GRACIOSA 1310” and “LA GRACIOSA 1311”, both developed at MRLG and its vicinities. The aim has been to depict MRLG shoreline and to locate marine litter accumulation points the most, contributing with some tools to assess and manage the coastal ecosystems of the marine reserve. Total shoreline sampled at both surveys together was 38326 m, 1834 m at Alegranza, 1366 m at Monta˜na Clara, 24656 m at La Graciosa Island, and the rest, 10470 m, at the Lanzarote’s shoreline portion bathed by MRLG waters. Shoreline sampling was made qualitatively sorting the sampling stations, according to litter presence and distribution, by means of a upward numerical coding related to the type of waste or garbage found. Moreover, each station was additionally depicted according to the type of substrate as well as to the prevailing type of waste, defining what we named “transects”. To validate methodology to European standards, a more exhaustive experimental sampling was made in four transects identified as high density or high concentration of marine litter, following guidelines of a method developed for OSPAR maritime area during the first half of 2000 decade (OSPAR, 2007). It involves evaluating the possibilities and needs of adjustment of this methodology to the particular conditions of our region (Gonz´alez, et al., 2013 a and b). As preliminary results, the spatial distribution of garbage coastal accumulation will be shown in a cartographic base, expressed as relative abundance by island, according to a 4 degrees scale (no litter, low, medium and high litter presence) and according to the dominant kind of garbage in each transect. An example with one of the most densely occupied with trash transects is shown to illustrate a sampling method without the requirement of trash collection. This method uses a sampling unit of 1x1 m grid, divided in 10x10 cm subgrids. This grid is set parallel to sampling direction repeatedly. Distance between grids is determined by a randomizing software. Sampling direction zigzags from sea border to beach back shore, making 45° degrees angles. Subgrids occupied by trash are counted once the grid is set. Waste is depict and identified following a guide developed for this purpose by OSPAR in 2010

El territorio arqueológico del Lomo de Arico: aproximación al modelo de poblamiento permanente del sur de Tenerife (Islas Canarias)

Los resultados de una prospección arqueológica sistemática efectuada en el Lomo de Arico (Arico, Tenerife) han permitido identificar una serie de yacimientos arqueológicos cuya distribución plantea un nuevo modelo de ocupación para esta zona de la isla de Tenerife. A partir del análisis de las evidencias documentadas, se infiere la existencia de un patrón de racionalidad que explica la presencia de asentamientos permanentes en una zona que, tradicionalmente, había sido interpretada como un área de trashumancia permanente.The conclusive report was carried out in Lomo de Arico (Arico, Tenerife) by means of a systematic archaeological prospecting. It has allowed to identify archaeological site suite which distribution leads to believe about a new occupation model in this area of Tenerife’s Island. Working on the archaeology record we have inferred a pattern of rationality which explains the existence of permanent settlement in an area that, traditionally, had been interpreted as one of transhumance

EFECTOS DEL ÁCIDO GIBERÉLICO Y EL PECTIMORF® EN LAS VITROPLANTAS DE PIÑA (ANANAS COMOSUS VAR. COMOSUS) ‘MD-2’ DURANTE LA FASE FINAL DE ACLIMATIZACIÓN / EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND PECTIMORF® ON PINEAPPLE VITROPLANTS (ANANAS COMOSUS VAR. COMOSUS) ‘MD-2’ DURING THE FINAL PHASE OF ACCLIMATIZATION

En la agricultura moderna se requiere de producciones intensivas y limpias. Para ello es determinante garantizar semillas de alta calidad en cantidades masivas que sólo el cultivo in vitro logra en poco tiempo. En la transición in vitro-ex vitro y su posterior permanencia en condiciones de aclimatización se producen notables pérdidas. El empleo de productos como el ácido giberélico y el Pectimorf® para inducir respuestas favorables en las plantas como aumentar su desarrollo foliar y radical respectivamente, que permite superar la calidad y utilizar alternativas que no afecten el medio ambiente. Estos atributos permiten que la investigación se desarrolle con el objetivo de determinar los efectos morfológicos y fisiológicos de estos reguladores de crecimiento vegetal en vitroplantas de piña «MD-2» en condiciones de aclimatización. Se determinaron los efectos de ácido giberélico (100 mg. L-1) y el Pectimorf® (3 mg. L-1) y sus combinaciones sobre los dos grupos de indicadores en la fase final de aclimatización. El ácido giberélico (100 mg.L-1) favoreció el área foliar relativa y la masa fresca de las mismas. Mientras que se combinación con Pectimorf® 3 mg.L-1 favoreció el desarrollo foliar y radical y al mejorar la calidad de las plantas permiten adelantar la salida a camp