Estado actual del patrimonio arqueológico sumergido en la bahía de Algeciras

INTRODUCCIÓN Este trabajo viene justificado a tenor de la poca información que existe sobre el patrimonio arqueológico sumergido de las aguas de la bahía de Algeciras, a pesar de haberse realizado numerosas actuaciones de urgencia durante los últimos 20 años. La falta de una actuación sistemática que recoja los resultados hasta el día de hoy obtenidos es más que necesaria. Durante los últimos decenios se han llevado a cabo en el interior de la Bahía numerosas obras públicas portuarias, las cuales hasta bien entrada la década de los noventa se efectuaban por parte de las autoridades competentes sin ningún control sobre el impacto que ejercían en el Patrimonio Arqueológico Sumergido (PAS); desde la mitad de los años noventa se han realizado vigilancias reguladas pero que no han dado el fruto que se podía esperar teniendo en cuenta que la bahía de Algeciras, tanto geográficamente como estratégicamente, ha jugado un papel muy importante en la historia marítima desde la antigüedad hasta nuestros días. Con tal motivo, los ponentes de este trabajo nos propusimos para este Congreso recopilar tanto las publicaciones como los informes de las actuaciones arqueológicas realizadas en la bahía de Algeciras

Underwater Cultural Heritage as an Engine for Social, Economic and Cultural Development. State of Research at the University of Cadiz (Andalusia, Spain)

Public access to underwater and maritime cultural heritage has proven to have a very positive effect on the local economy. This type of heritage is very attractive for the cultural tourism sector in general and for active and diving tourism. The Nautical and Underwater Archeology Line of the University of Cadiz, within the framework of the TIDE Project (Interreg Atlantic Area) and Herakles Project (FEDER-UCA18-107327) have been working on the enhancement of maritime and underwater heritage through the application of new technologies. In this paper, we will present the advances in the project in the Strait of Gibraltar, based on the first phase of scientific analysis and on the definition of a common working methodology that has resulted in a toolkit for the development of tourism activities linked to the MCH and UCH. Pilot activities under development are focused on accessible underwater heritage routes, VR applications to create Dry Dive experiences and the streaming of underwater archaeological works, thanks to a bottom-surface acoustic communication buoy. Results show that these types of outreach solutions and, by extension, of tourism application, must be preceded by a rigorous archaeological research process, a study of the target audience and the evaluation of the carrying capacity of the sites, to avoid falling into the mercantilisation or deterioration of the UCH. On the other hand, virtual or indirect access solutions are very useful, but always through the correct interpretation of the heritage.This research was funded by TIDE, or Atlantic Network for Developing HistoricalMaritime Tourism; EAPA_630/2018 is an Interreg funded project. Thiswork has been co-financed by the 2014-2020 ERDFOperational Programme and by theDepartment of Economy, Knowledge, Business andUniversity of the Regional Government of Andalusia. Project reference: FEDER-UCA18-107327. This work has been co-financed by II Convocatoria de Ayudas Para El Fomento de Proyectos Universidad-Empresa Fundacion Campus Tecnologico de Algeciras. Project Reference: FCTA2020-07

Al-Bunayya, a fortified Marinid city on the northern coast of the strait of Gibraltar (1282- 1375 AD)

[EN] This article presents the results of the archaeological investigation carried out between 2017 and 2018 by Algeciras City Council in al-Bunayya (1282-1375), the only city founded by the Marinid dynasty in al-Andalus, after recent research revealed its true location. Until then, the site of the city had been attributed to another Islamic city in Algeciras: al-Ŷazīra al-jadrā’. The two cities existed alongside one another from the end of the Middle Ages, until they were destroyed by the Nasrids in 1375 or 1379 and subsequently abandoned. The medina’s defences comprised a wall protected by two lines of concentric barbicans and a third section which may have formed part of the entrance to one of the city gates. At least three phases of construction have been identified: the first coincides with the founding of the city by the Marinid sultan Abū Yūsuf (1282-1285), when the wall and the first barbican were built from rammed earth, a technique used in most Marinid urban settlements. The second phase (1285-1344) may be linked to Nasrid refurbishments, which covered or substituted the former rammed earth walls of the towers with walls made from layers of stone masonry and filled with rubble masonry, reflecting the customary methods used to refurbish fortifications on the border with Castile. The third phase (1344-1369) may be attributed to the time of the Castilian conquest due to the presence of stonemasons’ marks, and involved the construction of a sloping barbican using stone and rubble masonry.Jiménez-Camino Álvarez, R.; González Gallero, R.; Blanco Medrano, E.; Ramos Martín, MÁ.; Eïd, AS. (2020). Al-Bunayya, una ciudad fortificada benimerín en la costa norte del estrecho de Gibraltar (1282-1375). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 87-94. https://doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2020.2020.11360OCS879

New remarks on the mid‑17th‑century gunfounding in Northern Europe: archaeometric analysis of scrap bronze ordnance recovered from a Dutch merchant vessel lost off Cadiz, Spain

This article deals with the study of an assemblage of scrap bronze guns recovered from the Delta III site, identified as a Dutch merchant ship lost in the port of Cadiz, Spain, about the third quarter of the seventeenth century. This kind of remains is seldom preserved and therefore stands as a unique source for addressing modern bronze gunfounding. Its main charac- teristics and drawbacks were outlined and discussed on historical and archaeological grounds. The gun remains and casting by-products were recorded, and pieces were identified through their design, decoration, and marks. A metallurgical study of selected samples was carried out by visual inspection and microstructural and chemical analyses by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. A better understanding of the quality and manufacturing process of the pieces and the conditioning factors of the failed casting was achieved by this approach. Results provided new insights into the gunfounding process, with emphasis on a renowned atelier of German bell and cannon found- ers, along with the associated international markets and recycling practices

Underwater Cultural Heritage as an Engine for Social, Economic and Cultural Development. State of Research at the University of Cadiz (Andalusia, Spain)

Public access to underwater and maritime cultural heritage has proven to have a very positive effect on the local economy. This type of heritage is very attractive for the cultural tourism sector in general and for active and diving tourism. The Nautical and Underwater Archeology Line of the University of Cadiz, within the framework of the TIDE Project (Interreg Atlantic Area) and Herakles Project (FEDER-UCA18-107327) have been working on the enhancement of maritime and underwater heritage through the application of new technologies. In this paper, we will present the advances in the project in the Strait of Gibraltar, based on the first phase of scientific analysis and on the definition of a common working methodology that has resulted in a toolkit for the development of tourism activities linked to the MCH and UCH. Pilot activities under development are focused on accessible underwater heritage routes, VR applications to create Dry Dive experiences and the streaming of underwater archaeological works, thanks to a bottom-surface acoustic communication buoy. Results show that these types of outreach solutions and, by extension, of tourism application, must be preceded by a rigorous archaeological research process, a study of the target audience and the evaluation of the carrying capacity of the sites, to avoid falling into the mercantilisation or deterioration of the UCH. On the other hand, virtual or indirect access solutions are very useful, but always through the correct interpretation of the heritage