20 research outputs found

    Políticas activas de empleo en la UE en tiempos de crisis económica

    Get PDF
    Las políticas activas de empleo constituyen un campo complejo de estudio. Durante estos años de crisis económica se ha cuestionado su eficacia, abriéndose un debate académico, político y social acerca de cómo tratar mejor los problemas del mercado laboral en periodos de crisis económica. Tres dimensiones políticas son relevantes en términos de mantener un buen funcionamiento de los mercados de trabajo: la legislación de protección laboral, las políticas activas del mercado de trabajo y las medidas de apoyo a través de prestaciones por desempleo que dan una protección en forma de renta a los desempleados (políticas pasivas). Esta investigación tiene por objeto analizar la importancia y el diseño de las políticas activas de empleo que se han venido desarrollando en el difícil contexto económico actual de la Unión Europea. El funcionamiento adecuado de estas políticas, en sus vertientes de promoción y creación de empleo; intermediación y activación; educación y formación, se erigen como instrumentos claves para la dinamización de los mercados laborales en Europa. Para realizar este estudio se han identificado y agrupado las medidas fundamentales de las políticas activas de empleo de la UE durante estos años de crisis en 10 clústeres que han permitido llevar a cabo un análisis comparativo de las medidas implementadas. A su vez, se ha elaborado un mapa de las 579 medidas en políticas activas recogidas en los clústeres y se han clasificado sobre la base de tres criterios comunes (país de procedencia, objetivo y colectivo destinatario). Este mapa es el que nos ha servido para hacer las comparaciones entre las medidas de políticas activas sobre la base de un común denominador. A través del análisis comparativo, se han identificado aquellas medidas consideradas como “buenas prácticas” por la Unión Europea y que sirven como aprendizaje mutuo para la transferencia de información entre los Estados miembros. Estas buenas prácticas se han centrado en los desafíos comunes que ha planteado la crisis económica en los mercados laborales europeos: desempleo juvenil, desempleo de larga duración y segmentación laboral. Los principales resultados a los que se llega, ponen de manifiesto que existe una gran divergencia entre las medidas de políticas activas aplicadas por los países europeos durante estos años de crisis. La política comunitaria de empleo ha ido gestándose sin una verdadera coordinación de los Estados miembros respondiendo a la evolución económica y del desempleo lo que dificulta lograr una política de empleo común en la UE

    Fractional persistence in income poverty in Africa.

    Get PDF
    This paper examines income poverty in Africa by looking at the time series properties of the series corresponding to the household consumer expenditures in 53 African countries. Using fractional integration the results indicate that the series are highly persistent, displaying orders of integration in the interval (0, 1) in some countries or values equal to or higher than 1 in some others. The main implication of the empirical findings is that long term policies aimed at addressing income poverty in the continent such as the policies on expansion of infrastructure and social amenities will have have long-lasting effects on poverty reduction.pre-print986 K

    Persistence of sulfur dioxide emissions in OECD countries between 1750-2014: A fractional integration approach.

    Get PDF
    In this paper, the degree of persistence of the sulfur dioxide emissions in a group of 37 OECD countries is examined by looking at the order of integration of the series. However, instead of using integer degrees of differentiation (i.e., 1 in case of unit roots and 0 for stationarity), fractional values are also considered. The results indicate high degrees of persistence and very little evidence of mean reversion. This property only holds for the three Latin American countries examined, namely Chile, Colombia and Mexico if the error follows a white noise process. If autocorrelation is permitted, however, the confidence intervals are wider and mean reversion is not found in any single case. Thus, shocks in the series are expected to be permanent in the majority of the cases examined.pre-print267 K

    Persistence of economic complexity in OECD countries.

    Get PDF
    pre-print518 K

    Inequality Persistence of 21 OECD Countries from 1870 to 2020: Linear and Non-Linear Fractional Integration Approaches.

    Get PDF
    This paper investigates inequality persistence in a group of 21 OECD countries using linear and non-linear fractionally integrated methods. Using linear models, the results show that the series are strongly persistent which implies lack of average reversal and permanency of shocks. Mean reversion is only found in the case of Finland and partial evidence of mean reversion is detected for Belgium, Greece, Austria and the Netherlands. The results are similar using non-linear methods. Mean reversion is only found in the case of Finland, Belgium, Greece and Spain. Although, most countries show no evidence of non-linear structures except for four countries, namely, Finland, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. The implications of the empirical findings are reported at the end of the manuscript.post-print910 K

    Políticas activas de empleo en la UE: buenas prácticas para tiempos de crisis

    Get PDF
    Este artículo analiza las medidas de políticas activas de empleo utilizadas por los países de la UE para intentar combatir el desempleo que, de manera generalizada, ha aumentado como consecuencia de la crisis económica. Las políticas activas responden a múltiples propósitos que están interrelacionados y que persiguen un triple objetivo: preservar la motivación de los desempleados en la búsqueda activa de empleo, reforzar su empleabilidad a través de la formación y crear empleos sostenibles. Una de las principales conclusiones de este trabajo es que no existe una política de empleo como tal sino más bien un conjunto de recomendaciones y programas que intentan orientar y coordinar las 28 políticas de empleo de los respectivos países miembros. Para ayudar a esta coordinación de las medidas llevadas a cabo por cada uno de los países miembros destacando aquellas políticas que pueden considerarse como buenas prácticas que puedan servir de ejemplo para ser aplicadas en el resto de países europeos

    Persistence and dependence in geopolitical risks in various developed and developing countries.

    No full text
    The motivation of this article is that despite the rising geopolitical events across the globe, several aspects of geopolitical risks have not been sufficiently explored in the literature including the persistence and dependence in the geopolitical risks. This article examines geopolitical risk in terms of time series persistence. In doing so, we are able to determine the nature of the shocks, which are either transitory or permanent depending on the integration order of the series. We examine 19 countries from January 1985 to February 2020. Our results show evidence of positive time trends in the cases of Mexico and Venezuela, and negative ones for South Africa and Argentina. These results are robust across seasonal and non-seasonal data and for different modelling assumptions for the error term. With respect to the degree of persistence, the different parameter is found to be in the range (0, 1) although we also observe heterogeneity across all countries.pre-print326 K

    Persistence in the Unemployment and Inflation Relationship. Evidence from 38 OECD Countries

    No full text
    This paper focuses on the analysis of persistence in the unemployment and inflation rates in a group of 38 OECD countries as well as on the relationship between the two variables. For this purpose, fractional integration is used. The results indicate that the two individual variables are highly persistent, especially the unemployment rate, and evidence of mean reversion is only found in the cases of Colombia and Costa Rica for unemployment and in Norway for inflation. Conducting the analysis on the difference between the two variables, the order of integration is significantly smaller in a number of cases, and reversion to the mean takes place in the cases of Austria, Switzerland, Costa Rica, Israel, and Turkey. Policy recommendations derived from the results are presented in the concluding section of the article

    Moderate Peep After Tracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation Prevents Inflammation and Modifies the Pattern of Brain Neuronal Activation

    Get PDF
    ABSTRACT Background: Ventilatory strategy and specifically positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) can modulate the inflammatory response and pulmonary-to-systemic translocation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both inflammation and ventilatory pattern may modify brain activation, possibly worsening the patient's outcome and resulting in cognitive sequelae. Methods: We prospectively studied Sprague–Dawley rats randomly assigned to undergo 3 h mechanical ventilation with 7 mL/kg tidal ventilation and either 2 cmH2O or 7 cmH2O PEEP after intratracheal instillation of LPS or saline. Healthy nonventilated rats served as baseline. We analyzed lung mechanics, gas exchange, lung and plasma cytokine levels, lung apoptotic cells, and lung neutrophil infiltration. To evaluate brain neuronal activation, we counted c-Fos immunopositive cells in the retrosplenial cortex (RS), thalamus, supraoptic nucleus (SON), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and central amygdala (CeA). Results: LPS increased lung neutrophilic infiltration, lung and systemic MCP-1 levels, and neuronal activation in the CeA and NTS. LPS-instilled rats receiving 7 cmH2O PEEP had less lung and systemic inflammation and more c-Fos-immunopositive cells in the RS, SON, and thalamus than those receiving 2 cmH2O PEEP. Applying 7 cmH2O PEEP increased neuronal activation in the CeA and NTS in saline-instilled rats, but not in LPS-instilled rats. Conclusions: Moderate PEEP prevented lung and systemic inflammation secondary to intratracheal LPS instillation. PEEP also modified the neuronal activation pattern in the RS, SON, and thalamus. The relevance of these differential brain c-Fos expression patterns in neurocognitive outcomes should be explored
    corecore