Entry and exit of firms explained by trigger points: Dutch glasshouse horticulture

The entry and exit decisions, considered as investment decisions, are investigated in the paper. Taking into account the heterogeneity of entry and exit, the analysis is based on two types of entry-exit: real (related to the establishment or closing of a firm), or entry-exit in a new sector (indicating the diversification or changing specialisation). The theoretical model is based on Marshallian trigger points with Real Option trigger points as an alternative. The estimation exploited the negative binomial model to investigate the role of trigger points (thresholds) on the observed number of entry or exit firms in Dutch glasshouse horticulture over 25 years. Firms should overcome different thresholds depending on types of entry and exit. Marshallian trigger points function as good as the ones based on Real Option theory. The estimation of the model, which takes into account expected output prices, uncertainty and the interest rate, however, provides the best explanation of entry and exit. That model can be considered of a flexible variant of Real Option theory. The model provides plausible elasticities of entry and exit, either real or in changing specialisation

Організаційні засади функціонування шляхетних пансіонів у південноукраїнських губерніях у першій половині XIX століття. (Organizational bases for the functioning of noble guest houses in the southern provinces in the first half of the xix century.)

На основі аналізу документів висвітлюється внутрішній устрій, засади організації навчально-виховного процесу та особливості побуту в станових навчальних закладах для дворянської молоді південноукраїнських губерній. (Based on the analysis of the documents looks internal structure, the basis for the organization of the educational process and the realities of the life in the class educational institutions for the noble youth southern provinces.

Investigation of Import Substitution and Expansion Impact in Russian Foreign Economic Practice by Supply Chain Strategy

Abstract-The gist of this article boils down to the practice of implementing foreign trade policy of Russia and its strategic interests in world trade in modern conditions. In the era of globalization, characterized by an aggravation of the political situation and the presence of sanctions, import substitution and export expansion are considered to be an important economic tool for the restoration and growth of the production potential of the Russian economy and the agro-industrial sector. The article discusses the experience of using import-substituting and export-expanding strategies in the Russian Federation. The scientific hypothesis is expressed in the following thesis: the study of the theoretical aspects of import-substituting and export-expanding supply chain strategies; a study of the nature, goals, characteristics and results of import substitution in Russia. The essence of import substitution is the economic policy of the state, aimed at reducing, and in some cases, completely stopping the entry of goods from other countries to the country's market. The import substitution supply chain strategy is aimed at maintaining its own industry, contributes to the modernization of economic sectors, innovative development and general state security. A methodical approach of the import substitution supply chain strategy being developed, it is possible to increase the production of goods in the country. Particular attention is paid to the study of the nature, goals, characteristics and results of import substitution in Russia.  Final positioning concept is formulated in the paper

The EUROPEAN UNION'S ERASMUS+ education program

The article is devoted to a complex of scholarship programs of the European Union aimed at increasing the mobility of students and researchers within the European spaceСтатья посвящена комплексу стипендиальных программ Европейского Союза, направленных на повышение мобильности студентов и исследователей в рамках европейского пространств

Features of American Spelling: Historical and Practical Aspects

The main trends in American spelling are observed, in particular, simplified spelling and assimilation of borrowed words. The projects of spelling reforms are divided into two groups: the first was aimed at changing the existing spelling, the second - at the creation of a new spelling based on the phonetic principle. It is shown that the main differences between American and English orthographic norms can be represented in the form of a number of oppositions. It is emphasized that the simplistic approach should be avoided, since some spellings can be used in both versions: AmE - or vs. BrE - our in words like armor , color ; AmE - se vs. BrE - ce in words like defense , license ; AmE - l vs. BrE - ll before word-formative and inflectional suffixes - ed , - ing , - er , - est , - ery , - or , etc.; AmE - ize vs. BrE - ise in words like apologize , capitalize ; AmE in - vs. BrE en - in words such as incase , incrust ; in AmE the “unpronounceable” - e - may be omitted before the suffix - ment in words like abridgment , judgment ; AmE - o - vs. BrE - ou - in words like mold , molt ; AmE - er vs. BrE - re in words like center , luster ; AmE - e vs. BrE - ae , - oe in words like anemia , encyclopedia ; AmE - ction vs. BrE - xion in words like connection , inflection ; in AmE there are also particular simplifications of writing like thru , tho , tonite . It was found that the changes made in the American spelling are mostly partial and in some cases optional; sometimes they are adopted in a limited field of use. The proposed reforms did not have a significant impact on the spelling

On Problem of Modern Tendencies in English Punctuation

The basic tendencies found out in modern English punctuation are considered. It is shown that the factors influencing its development include the following: basic principle and purpose of punctuation, colloquial speech, electronic communications, new and unregulated punctuation marks. The leading role of the intonation-rhetorical principle led to the emergence of a tendency of weakened punctuation, the influence of colloquial speech and electronic communications led to a change in the functions of some marks, for example, dot (point “sharpness”), question mark (uptalk), ellipsis (interpreted as “weed” mark), semicolons, dashes, hyphens, underscoring ruler, uppercase letters. The fact that punctuation is a developing system is evidenced by appearance of new marks: interrobang, marks of irony and sarcasm (tilde mark, inverted exclamation mark, snark, ironieteken, SarcMark™ etc.), emoticons etc. Unregulated punctuation marks, often found in fiction, are linked with the manifestation of the author’s personality. The paper also presents some results of comparative analysis of modern trends of Russian and English punctuation systems. It turned out that many of them are observed in both systems, for example, increase in the use of alternative marks, influence of colloquial speech, lower frequency of the use of semicolons, increasing role of dashes up to the universalization of this mark

Quantum confinement in Si and Ge nanostructures: Effect of crystallinity

We look at the relationship between the preparation method of Si and Ge nanostructures (NSs) and the structural, electronic, and optical properties in terms of quantum confinement (QC). QC in NSs causes a blue shift of the gap energy with decreasing NS dimension. Directly measuring the effect of QC is complicated by additional parameters, such as stress, interface and defect states. In addition, differences in NS preparation lead to differences in the relevant parameter set. A relatively simple model of QC, using a `particle-in-a-box'-type perturbation to the effective mass theory, was applied to Si and Ge quantum wells, wires and dots across a variety of preparation methods. The choice of the model was made in order to distinguish contributions that are solely due to the effects of QC, where the only varied experimental parameter was the crystallinity. It was found that the hole becomes de-localized in the case of amorphous materials, which leads to stronger confinement effects. The origin of this result was partly attributed to differences in the effective mass between the amorphous and crystalline NS as well as between the electron and hole. Corrections to our QC model take into account a position dependent effective mass. This term includes an inverse length scale dependent on the displacement from the origin. Thus, when the deBroglie wavelength or the Bohr radius of the carriers is on the order of the dimension of the NS the carriers `feel' the confinement potential altering their effective mass. Furthermore, it was found that certain interface states (Si-O-Si) act to pin the hole state, thus reducing the oscillator strength.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1111.201

On Problem of “Relict” Phenomena in American English Grammar

The article considers the most frequently mentioned relic phenomena in the grammar of the American English language, in particular, the morphology of non-standard verbs (the use of participles gotten and proven , that lost the suffix - en in the British English, and regularization of the past tense and participle II of the verbs such as burn , lean , spell ); the use of synthetic forms of subjunctive mood and congruence of a verb-predicate in the singular with the subject, expressed by a collective name. It is shown that, according to modern research, these grammatical phenomena should be attributed to the number of examples of “colonial revival”, not “colonial backlog.” For example, the participle gotten and synthetic form of the subjunctive mood in the 18th-19th centuries were rarely used; standard forms of verbs such as burn , lean , spell in American literary texts of the 18th century were less common than in English literary texts. Currently, these phenomena are approved as normal. Congruence of a verb-predicate in the singular with a subject, expressed by a collective name, was peculiar to both the American and British English in the early stages of their development. There is a tendency to borrow these grammatical phenomena in the British English