Comparison of protocols for genomic DNA extraction from ‘velame pimenta’ (Croton linearifolius), a native species to the Caatinga, Brazil

The Caatinga biome occupies some 12% of the Brazilian territory, which is present in at least nine states. The species that constitute its biodiversity have the potential to be used as natural resources, among them are approximately 700 species of the genus Croton. As an example of this potential, the Croton linearifolius specie is used by local communities as a natural insecticide. Associated with the economic potential of the Caatinga species, one must stress the risk of extinction or genetic erosion due to the growing deforestation of natural areas of this biome. These factors make it relevant in genetic studies in order to guide conservation strategies. Considering the lack of molecular studies involving C. linearifolius, we compared the efficiency of six protocols for genomic DNA extraction previously described in literature. The DNA extraction buffers [based on the use of Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), mannitol and sorbitol] were different in their efficiency to obtaining the genomic DNA of C. linearifloius. In general, protocols using CTAB buffer were more efficient. The use of liquid nitrogen in the maceration process was also evaluated and its use was considered a no necessary factor in obtaining DNA in adequate quantity and quality for PCR platform procedures.Keywords: DNA Isolation, molecular markers, native species of CaatingaAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(30), pp. 4761-476

Approaches in biotechnological applications of natural polymers

Natural polymers, such as gums and mucilage, are biocompatible, cheap, easily available and non-toxic materials of native origin. These polymers are increasingly preferred over synthetic materials for industrial applications due to their intrinsic properties, as well as they are considered alternative sources of raw materials since they present characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. As definition, gums and mucilages are polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates consisting of one or more monosaccharides or their derivatives linked in bewildering variety of linkages and structures. Natural gums are considered polysaccharides naturally occurring in varieties of plant seeds and exudates, tree or shrub exudates, seaweed extracts, fungi, bacteria, and animal sources. Water-soluble gums, also known as hydrocolloids, are considered exudates and are pathological products; therefore, they do not form a part of cell wall. On the other hand, mucilages are part of cell and physiological products. It is important to highlight that gums represent the largest amounts of polymer materials derived from plants. Gums have enormously large and broad applications in both food and non-food industries, being commonly used as thickening, binding, emulsifying, suspending, stabilizing agents and matrices for drug release in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the food industry, their gelling properties and the ability to mold edible films and coatings are extensively studied. The use of gums depends on the intrinsic properties that they provide, often at costs below those of synthetic polymers. For upgrading the value of gums, they are being processed into various forms, including the most recent nanomaterials, for various biotechnological applications. Thus, the main natural polymers including galactomannans, cellulose, chitin, agar, carrageenan, alginate, cashew gum, pectin and starch, in addition to the current researches about them are reviewed in this article.. }To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfíico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for fellowships (LCBBC and MGCC) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nvíel Superior (CAPES) (PBSA). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, the Project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462) and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) (JAT)

The personalisation of the fetus or, 'He looks just like his father!'

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a magnitude, a distribuição espacial e a tendência temporal da anemia em pré-escolares no Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Corte transversal com amostra aleatória, do tipo multietapas, em oito cidades da zona urbana, de três mesorregiões do Estado da Paraíba, no ano de 1992, pela qual foram selecionados aleatoriamente 1.287 pré-escolares de ambos os sexos. A hemoglobina foi dosada pelo método da cianometa-hemoglobina em sangue venoso, empregando <11,0 g/dl como ponto de corte para anemia. A análise estatística de proporções incluiu o teste do qui-quadrado e a de médias, os de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da anemia no Estado da Paraíba foi de 36,4% (IC 33,7-39,1), maior (p= 0,00) do que a de 1982, que foi de 19,3% (IC 17,3-21,5). Apenas 1,0% (IC 0,6-1,8) e 6,8% (IC 5,5-8,3) dos casos de anemia foram categorizados nas formas grave e moderada, respectivamente. Crianças do sexo masculino apresentaram concentrações médias de hemoglobina mais baixas (p=0,00), e crianças menores de três anos constituíram o grupo biológico de maior suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento do quadro carencial (p=0,00). O segundo ano de vida mostrou-se como o período vital mais crítico à exacerbação da deficiência nutricional (p=0,00). A mesorregião do Agreste configurou-se como o espaço geográfico de maior risco (p=0,00), desenhando uma outra dinâmica epidemiológica do problema, comparada àquela de 1982, em que a mesorregião do Sertão representava a área geográfica de maior risco para a deficiência. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram que a anemia é um problema de saúde pública do tipo moderado, segundo os critérios internacionais para caracterizar a endemia em escala epidemiológica. Admitindo-se a comparabilidade entre os dois cortes transversais em análise, concluiu-se pelo caráter evolutivo ascendente na prevalência da anemia nutricional (+88,5%) em todas as três mesorregiões, no período de 10 anos, entre 1982-1992