Recovery of Salmonella Gallinarum in the Organs of Experimentally-Inoculated Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix)

ABSTRACTSalmonellosis is an infection caused by specific or non specific serotypes of theSalmonella genus, responsible for losses in the poultry industry. Fowl typhoid, caused by S. Gallinarum (SG) is important because it causes elevated mortality in adult birds, leading to economic losses in the poultry industry. This study aimed at quantifying the number of viable SG cells in the liver, spleen, lung, cecum, and reproductive tract (ovary and testicles) of experimentally inoculated Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix), as well as SG shedding in their feces. One hundred and two Japanese quails, with four months of age at the beginning of the experiment, were used. The birds were inoculated with three bacterial cultures containing different concentrations (6x104CFU/0.1mL, 2x105 CFU/0.4mL, or 5x106CFU/0.2mL) of SG resistant to nalidixic acid. On days 1, 4, 7, and 14 after the inoculation (dpi) individual cloacal swabs were collected from six birds per group, which were subsequently sacrificed for organ sampling. The swab samples were streaked directly on plates containing brilliant green agar and nalidixic acid (VBNal). Samples that were negative after 24h, were streaked again. The collected organs were individually macerated and transferred to buffered peptone water at 0.1%. The solutions were immediately diluted serially for CFU counting in VBNal. SG was successfully recovered from one quail, which was inoculated with 2x105 CFU/0.4mL, and from five quails of the group inoculated with 5x106CFU/0.2mL inoculum. All of the analyzed cloacal swab samples were negative. Therefore, this study demonstrated it was difficult to isolate SG from the analyzed organs and that it was not possible to recover thepathogen in the cloacal swabs collected from inoculated quails. These results may be explained by the absence of flagella in SG, inducing weak intestinal immune response in the beginning of the infection and preventing its isolation in cloacal swab samples. The low positivity rate of the analyzed organs may be due to the immune status of the euthanized birds, since the SG dissemination in the animal organism occurs mostly close to death, which was observed in the birds found dead during the experiment

Avaliação microbiológica de coberturas com sulfadiazina de prata a 1%, utilizadas em queimaduras Evaluación microbiológica de coberturas con sulfadiazina de plata al 1% Microbiological evaluation of 1% silver sulfadiazine dressings

Os objetivos foram avaliar a condição microbiológica e atividade antimicrobiana de coberturas com sulfadiazina de prata a 1%, utilizadas em queimaduras, preparadas e estocadas de 12 a 60 horas antes do uso. A avaliação microbiológica foi realizada por semeadura de três alíquotas preparadas em diferentes tempos no meio de cultura Letheen Bloth (Difco) e incubadas a 32-35°C, durante 20 dias. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pela difusão de uma alíquota da cobertura frente às cepas hospitalares com incubação em temperatura ambiente até 37°C, por 18-24 horas. As três alíquotas de tempos 12, 36 e 60 horas foram negativas. Quanto à atividade antimicrobiana, observou-se "halo" de inibição de 2,25mm para S. aureus, 2,65mm para P. aeruginosa e 2,95mm para E. coli. Coberturas com sulfadiazina de prata a 1% podem ser pré-preparadas e armazenadas com segurança e têm como vantagens redução do tempo dos profissionais na realização do curativo e, conseqüentemente, da exposição do paciente.<br>La finalidad fue evaluar la condición microbiológica y la actividad antimicrobiana de coberturas con sulfadiazina de plata al 1%, preparadas y almacenadas 12-60 horas antes del uso. La evaluación microbiológica fue realizada por la siembra de tres proporciones preparadas en diferentes tiempos en el medio de cultivo Letheen Broth (Difco) y incubada a 32-35°C, durante 20 días. La actividad antimicrobiana fue evaluada por la difusión de una proporción ante las cepas hospitalarias, inicialmente con incubación en temperatura ambiente y después en 370C por 18-24 horas. Todos los tres cultivos de 12, 36 y 60 horas fueron negativos. Cuanto a la actividad antimicrobiana, las zonas de inhibición fueron de 2,25mm para S.aureus, 2,65mm para P. aeriginosa y 2,95mm para E coli. Coberturas con sulfadiazina de plata al 1% pueden ser preparadas y almacenadas con seguridad, y tiene como beneficio la reducción del tiempo de los profesionales en la realización del curativo y del tiempo de exposición del paciente.<br>This study aimed at evaluating the microbial condition and antimicrobial activity of 1% silver sulfadiazine dressings used in burns, prepared in advance of the dressing change and stored for 12 to 60 hours before usage. The microbial condition was evaluated by means of three cultures prepared from the Letheen Broth (Difco) culture medium and incubated at 32-35ºC for 20 days. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by means of the diffusion technique of one dressing culture in hospital strains, initially incubated at room temperature and then at 37°C, for 18-24 hours. All three cultures of 12, 36 and 60 hours proved negative. Concerning antimicrobial activity, the zones of inhibition were: 2.25mm for S. aureus; 2.65mm for P. aeruginosa and 2.95mm for E. coli. These dressings can be safely prepared by nurses and stored, reducing nurses' time spent for dressing change and, consequently, patients' exposure