Identification of microbial signatures linked to oilseed rape yield decline at the landscape scale

Background: The plant microbiome plays a vital role in determining host health and productivity. However, we lack real-world comparative understanding of the factors which shape assembly of its diverse biota, and crucially relationships between microbiota composition and plant health. Here we investigated landscape scale rhizosphere microbial assembly processes in oilseed rape (OSR), the UK’s third most cultivated crop by area and the world's third largest source of vegetable oil, which suffers from yield decline associated with the frequency it is grown in rotations. By including 37 conventional farmers’ fields with varying OSR rotation frequencies, we present an innovative approach to identify microbial signatures characteristic of microbiomes which are beneficial and harmful to the host. Results: We show that OSR yield decline is linked to rotation frequency in real-world agricultural systems. We demonstrate fundamental differences in the environmental and agronomic drivers of protist, bacterial and fungal communities between root, rhizosphere soil and bulk soil compartments. We further discovered that the assembly of fungi, but neither bacteria nor protists, was influenced by OSR rotation frequency. However, there were individual abundant bacterial OTUs that correlated with either yield or rotation frequency. A variety of fungal and protist pathogens were detected in roots and rhizosphere soil of OSR, and several increased relative abundance in root or rhizosphere compartments as OSR rotation frequency increased. Importantly, the relative abundance of the fungal pathogen Olpidium brassicae both increased with short rotations and was significantly associated with low yield. In contrast, the root endophyte Tetracladium spp. showed the reverse associations with both rotation frequency and yield to O. brassicae, suggesting that they are signatures of a microbiome which benefits the host. We also identified a variety of novel protist and fungal clades which are highly connected within the microbiome and could play a role in determining microbiome composition. Conclusions: We show that at the landscape scale, OSR crop yield is governed by interplay between complex communities of both pathogens and beneficial biota which is modulated by rotation frequency. Our comprehensive study has identified signatures of dysbiosis within the OSR microbiome, grown in real-world agricultural systems, which could be used in strategies to promote crop yield. [MediaObject not available: see fulltext.

Áreas seccionais nasais de adultos sadios aferidas por rinometria acústica Nasal cavity geometry of healthy adults assessed using acoustic rhinometry

A rinometria acústica tem sido utilizada como teste específico da permeabilidade nasal. OBJETIVO: O propósito do presente estudo foi determinar valores de referência de áreas de secção transversa da cavidade nasal de adultos sadios pela técnica rinométrica. DESENHO: Estudo clínico prospectivo. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Trinta voluntários sem evidências de obstrução nasal com idade entre 18 e 30 anos (14 homens e 16 mulheres) foram avaliados antes e após a aplicação tópica de vasoconstritor nasal. As áreas de secção transversa foram medidas nos três entalhes do rinograma correspondentes à válvula nasal (AST1), região anterior (AST2) e região posterior (AST3) das conchas nasais inferior e média. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios (±DP) das áreas aferidas em 60 cavidades antes da vasoconstrição nasal foram os seguintes: 0,54±0,13cm2 (AST1), 0,98±0,31cm2 (AST2) e 1,42±0,44cm2 (AST3). Após a vasoconstrição, os valores médios dos três segmentos analisados foram significantemente maiores (p<0,05). Não foram constatadas diferenças significantes entre os sexos. CONCLUSÃO: As áreas seccionais nasais de adultos obtidas para adultos podem ser usadas para fins de controle no estudo de pacientes com obstrução nasal, em complementação aos volumes nasais relatados anteriormente por nosso grupo.<br>Acoustic rhinometry (AR) has been used as a specific test for nasal patency. AIM: this study aimed to set the reference values for nasal cavity cross-section geometry in healthy adults through AR. STUDY DESIGN: this is a clinical prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHOD: thirty volunteers (14 males and 16 females) without signs of nasal obstruction and aged between 18 and 30 years were enrolled in this study. They were assessed before and after being treated topically with a nasal vasoconstrictor drug. Their nasal cross-sectional areas were measured at the three dips of the rhinogram, corresponding respectively to the nasal valve (CSA1), the anterior (CSA2), and the posterior (CSA3) region of the inferior and middle turbinate. RESULTS: the mean areas (±SD) for 60 nasal cavities before nasal vasoconstriction were: 0.54±0.13cm2 (CSA1), 0.98±0.31 cm2 (CSA2), and 1.42±0.44cm2 (CSA3). After vasoconstriction, the mean values of the three segments analyzed were significantly larger (p<0.05). Gender was not a statistically significant variable. CONCLUSION: The nasal cross-sectional areas obtained for adults may be used for control purposes when studying patients with nasal obstruction, in conjunction with the nasal volume values previously reported by our group