Discordance in cathepsin B and cystatin C expressions in bronchoalveolar fluids between murine bleomycin-induced fibrosis and human idiopathic fibrosis

International audienceAbstractThe activity of cysteine cathepsin B increased markedly in lung homogenates and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of the mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis after 14 days of challenge. In contrast the level of the cysteine cathepsin inhibitor cystatin C was unaffected in BALF of wild-type and cathepsin B-deficient mice. Therefore, murine cystatin C is not a reliable marker of fibrosis during bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Current data are in sharp contrast to previous analysis carried on human BALF from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, for which the level of cathepsin B remained unchanged while cystatin C was significantly increased

Molecular Characterization of the Gastrula in the Turtle Emys orbicularis: An Evolutionary Perspective on Gastrulation

Due to the presence of a blastopore as in amphibians, the turtle has been suggested to exemplify a transition form from an amphibian- to an avian-type gastrulation pattern. In order to test this hypothesis and gain insight into the emergence of the unique characteristics of amniotes during gastrulation, we have performed the first molecular characterization of the gastrula in a reptile, the turtle Emys orbicularis. The study of Brachyury, Lim1, Otx2 and Otx5 expression patterns points to a highly conserved dynamic of expression with amniote model organisms and makes it possible to identify the site of mesoderm internalization, which is a long-standing issue in reptiles. Analysis of Brachyury expression also highlights the presence of two distinct phases, less easily recognizable in model organisms and respectively characterized by an early ring-shaped and a later bilateral symmetrical territory. Systematic comparisons with tetrapod model organisms lead to new insights into the relationships of the blastopore/blastoporal plate system shared by all reptiles, with the blastopore of amphibians and the primitive streak of birds and mammals. The biphasic Brachyury expression pattern is also consistent with recent models of emergence of bilateral symmetry, which raises the question of its evolutionary significance

P2X7 Receptor Promotes Mouse Mammary Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Tumour Progression, and Is a Target for Anticancer Treatment

The P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated cation channel with a still ambiguous role in cancer progression, proposed to be either pro- or anti-cancerous, depending on the cancer or cell type in the tumour. Its role in mammary cancer progression is not yet defined. Here, we show that P2X7 receptor is functional in highly aggressive mammary cancer cells, and induces a change in cell morphology with fast F-actin reorganization and formation of filopodia, and promotes cancer cell invasiveness through both 2- and 3-dimensional extracellular matrices in vitro. Furthermore, P2X7 receptor sustains Cdc42 activity and the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype. In an immunocompetent mouse mammary cancer model, we reveal that the expression of P2X7 receptor in cancer cells, but not in the host mice, promotes tumour growth and metastasis development, which were reduced by treatment with specific P2X7 antagonists. Our results demonstrate that P2X7 receptor drives mammary tumour progression and represents a pertinent target for mammary cancer treatment

Molecular Characterization of the Gastrula in the Turtle Emys orbicularis: An Evolutionary Perspective on Gastrulation

Due to the presence of a blastopore as in amphibians, the turtle has been suggested to exemplify a transition form from an amphibian- to an avian-type gastrulation pattern. In order to test this hypothesis and gain insight into the emergence of the unique characteristics of amniotes during gastrulation, we have performed the first molecular characterization of the gastrula in a reptile, the turtle Emys orbicularis. The study of Brachyury, Lim1, Otx2 and Otx5 expression patterns points to a highly conserved dynamic of expression with amniote model organisms and makes it possible to identify the site of mesoderm internalization, which is a long-standing issue in reptiles. Analysis of Brachyury expression also highlights the presence of two distinct phases, less easily recognizable in model organisms and respectively characterized by an early ring-shaped and a later bilateral symmetrical territory. Systematic comparisons with tetrapod model organisms lead to new insights into the relationships of the blastopore/blastoporal plate system shared by all reptiles, with the blastopore of amphibians and the primitive streak of birds and mammals. The biphasic Brachyury expression pattern is also consistent with recent models of emergence of bilateral symmetry, which raises the question of its evolutionary significance

Lung inflammation and interstitial fibrosis by targeted alveolar epithelial type I cell death

IntroductionThe pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases is multifaceted with a major role of recurrent micro-injuries of the epithelium. While several reports clearly indicated a prominent role for surfactant-producing alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells, the contribution of gas exchange-permissive alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) cells has not been addressed yet. Here, we investigated whether repeated injury of AT1 cells leads to inflammation and interstitial fibrosis.MethodsWe chose an inducible model of AT1 cell depletion following local diphtheria toxin (DT) administration using an iDTR flox/flox (idTRfl/fl) X Aquaporin 5CRE (Aqp5CRE) transgenic mouse strain.ResultsWe investigated repeated doses and intervals of DT to induce cell death of AT1 cells causing inflammation and interstitial fibrosis. We found that repeated DT administrations at 1ng in iDTRfl/fl X Aqp5CRE mice cause AT1 cell death leading to inflammation, increased tissue repair markers and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.DiscussionTogether, we demonstrate that depletion of AT1 cells using repeated injury represents a novel approach to investigate chronic lung inflammatory diseases and to identify new therapeutic targets

NLRP6 controls pulmonary inflammation from cigarette smoke in a gut microbiota-dependent manner

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health issue primarily caused by cigarette smoke (CS) and characterized by breathlessness and repeated airway inflammation. NLRP6 is a cytosolic innate receptor controlling intestinal inflammation and orchestrating the colonic host–microbial interface. However, its roles in the lungs remain largely unexplored. Using CS exposure models, our data show that airway inflammation is strongly impaired in Nlrp6-deficient mice with drastically fewer recruited neutrophils, a key cell subset in inflammation and COPD. We found that NLRP6 expression in lung epithelial cells is important to control airway and lung tissue inflammation in an inflammasome-dependent manner. Since gut-derived metabolites regulate NLRP6 inflammasome activation in intestinal epithelial cells, we investigated the link between NLRP6, CS-driven lung inflammation, and gut microbiota composition. We report that acute CS exposure alters gut microbiota in both wild-type (WT) and Nlrp6-deficient mice and that antibiotic treatment decreases CS-induced lung inflammation. In addition, gut microbiota transfer from dysbiotic Nlrp6-deficient mice to WT mice decreased airway lung inflammation in WT mice, highlighting an NLRP6-dependent gut-to-lung axis controlling pulmonary inflammation

Etude de la régulation d'une protéine GAP de Ras de la levure à l'homme.

The human disease neurofibromatosis type 1 is one of the most common genetic disorders because it has a de novo incidence of one in 3500 individuals. The NF1 gene has been identified and it has been demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor. It encodes a protein called neurofibromin (Nf1), which is ubiquitously expressed but most abundant in neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. It is of great interest to understand the regulation of this protein. A model study has been developped in yeast in order to characterize the molecular basis of the interaction between Ira2p, the Nf1 homologue, and Tfs1p, a protein which inhibits it. We identified the molecular determinants of Tfs1p involved in the Tfs1p/Ira2p interaction: the accessibility of the surface pocket, its Nterminal region and the specific electrostatic properties of a large surface region containing these two elements. The physiological role of Tfs1p in cells has also been studied. Systematic studies suggest that when Tfs1p is over produced its most important function is the inhibition of Ira2p. We have shown that this inhibitory role is implicated in a negative feedback control of the stress response. On the basis of this study, we wanted to know if the Ira2p/Tfs1p interaction was conserved in human between Nf1 and RKIP, the human homologue of Tfs1p. In parallel, we have performed a two-hybrid screen between Nf1 and a cDNA library of human brain in order to identify new regulators of its functions. 1464 candidates have been isolated. Actually, 8% of the candidates have been identified and we have brought into light three interesting targets.La neurofibromatose de type 1 est une maladie génétique fréquente puisqu'elle touche 1 individu sur 3500. Le gène responsable de la maladie a été identifié et code pour une protéine, la neurofibromine (Nf1), exprimée de manière ubiquitaire mais plus abondamment dans les neurones, les astrocytes, les cellules de Schwann et les oligodendrocytes. Il est un enjeu de taille de comprendre la régulation de cette protéine. Une étude modèle a été développée chez la levure afin de caractériser les bases moléculaires de l'interaction entre l'homologue de Nf1, Ira2p, et une protéine qui l'inhibe, Tfs1p. Cette étude a permis d'identifier les régions de Tfs1p importantes pour l'interaction à savoir l'extrémité N-terminale, la cavité de surface, ainsi qu'une région électropositive contenant ces deux déterminants. Nous nous sommes intéressés ensuite au rôle physiologique de Tfs1p dans les cellules. Des études systématiques ont suggéré un rôle prédominant de l'inhibition d'Ira2p dans des conditions de surproduction de Tfs1p. Ce rôle a été précisé et nous avons montré que Tfs1p participait, via cette inhibition, à la boucle de rétrocontrôle négatif de la réponse au stress. Sur la base de cette étude, nous avons cherché à savoir si l'interaction Ira2p/Tfs1p était conservée chez l'homme entre Nf1 et RKIP, homologue de Tfs1p. Nous avons en parallèle développé un crible double hybride sur Nf1 dans une banque d'ADNc de cerveau humain afin de mettre en évidence de nouveaux régulateurs de ses fonctions. 1464 candidats positifs ont été isolés. Actuellement, sur 8% de candidats identifiés 3 partenaires intéressants ont déjà pu être mis en évidence

Etude de la régulation d'une protéine GAP de Ras de la levure à l'homme

La neurofibromatose de type 1 est une maladie génétique fréquente puisqu elle touche 1 individu sur 3500. Le gène responsable de la maladie a été identifié et code pour une protéine, la neurofibromine (Nf1), exprimée de manière ubiquitaire mais plus abondamment dans les neurones, les astrocytes, les cellules de Schwann et les oligodendrocytes. Il est un enjeu de taille de comprendre la régulation de cette protéine.Une étude modèle a été développée chez la levure afin de caractériser les bases moléculaires de l interaction entre l homologue de Nf1, Ira2p, et une protéine qui l inhibe, Tfs1p. Cette étude a permis d identifier les régions de Tfs1p importantes pour l interaction à savoir l extrémité N-terminale, la cavité de surface, ainsi qu une région électropositive contenant ces deux déterminants. Nous nous sommes intéressés ensuite au rôle physiologique de Tfs1p dans les cellules. Des études systématiques ont suggéré un rôle prédominant de l inhibition d Ira2p dans des conditions de surproduction de Tfs1p. Ce rôle a été précisé et nous avons montré que Tfs1p participait, via cette inhibition, à la boucle de rétrocontrôle négatif de la réponse au stress.Sur la base de cette étude, nous avons cherché à savoir si l interaction Ira2p/Tfs1p était conservée chez l homme entre Nf1 et RKIP, homologue de Tfs1p. Nous avons en parallèle développé un crible double hybride sur Nf1 dans une banque d ADNc de cerveau humain afin de mettre en évidence de nouveaux régulateurs de ses fonctions. 1464 candidats positifs ont été isolés. Actuellement, sur 8% de candidats identifiés 3 partenaires intéressants ont déjà pu être mis en évidence.ORLEANS-BU Sciences (452342104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Nf1 RasGAP inhibition of LIMK2 mediates a new cross-talk between Ras and Rho pathways.

BACKGROUND: Ras GTPases mediate numerous biological processes through their ability to cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) favor the formation of the active Ras-GTP, whereas GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) promote the formation of inactive Ras-GDP. Numerous studies have established complex signaling cross-talks between Ras GTPases and other members of the superfamily of small GTPases. GEFs were thought to play a major role in these cross-talks. However, recently GAPs were also shown to play crucial roles in these processes. Among RasGAPs, Nf1 is of special interest. Nf1 is responsible for the genetic disease Neurofibromatosis type I, and recent data strongly suggest that this RasGAP connects different signaling pathways. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In order to know if the RasGAP Nf1 might play a role in connecting Ras GTPases to other small GTPase pathways, we systematically looked for new partners of Nf1, by performing a yeast two-hybrid screening on its SecPH domain. LIMK2, a major kinase of the Rho/ROCK/LIMK2/cofilin pathway, was identified in this screening. We confirmed this interaction by co-immunoprecipitation experiments, and further characterized it. We also demonstrated its specificity: the close related homolog of LIMK2, LIMK1, does not interact with the SecPH domain of Nf1. We then showed that SecPH partially inhibits the kinase activity of LIMK2 on cofilin. Our results furthermore suggest a precise mechanism for this inhibition: in fact, SecPH would specifically prevent LIMK2 activation by ROCK, its upstream regulator. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although previous data had already connected Nf1 to actin cytoskeleton dynamics, our study provides for the first time possible detailed molecular requirements of this involvement. Nf1/LIMK2 interaction and inhibition allows to directly connect neurofibromatosis type I to actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and provides evidence that the RasGAP Nf1 mediates a new cross-talk between Ras and Rho signaling pathways within the superfamily of small GTPases