АТАКА НА СИНХРОНИЗИРУЕМЫЕ ИСКУССТВЕННЫЕ НЕЙРОННЫЕ СЕТИ, ФОРМИРУЮЩИЕ ОБЩИЙ СЕКРЕТ, МЕТОДОМ ОТЛОЖЕННОГО ПЕРЕБОРА

The application of synchronized artificial neural networks for generation of a common cryptographic key and an attack by deferred search on these networks with the purpose of obtaining this key are considered.Рассматриваются применение синхронизируемых искусственных нейронных сетей для генерации общего криптографического ключа, а также атака методом отложенного перебора на эти сети с целью получения этого ключа

Seasonal changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid content in needles of scots pines (pinus sylvestris l.) Exposed to the thermal field of a gas flare

Seasonal changes in chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) content were analyzed in needle samples from young Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in the thermal field zone at various distances from the petroleum gas flare. Experiments were performed in Khanty Mansi Autonomous Area (Yugra) of Russia throughout the autumn–winter–spring period. Two hypotheses were subject to verification: (1) the thermal field of petroleum gas combustion flame imitates the influence of climate warming on plants, thus affecting the pigment complex of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSA) in pine needles; (2) transformations of PSA pigment complex in pine needles throughout the autumn–winter–spring period are sensitive to a long-term rise in ambient temperature by 1–2°С. In the winter period, the seasonal dynamics of certain PSA parameters comprised maxima and minima that are supposedly due to the regulation of Chl and Car content upon changes in air temperature. In trees growing under divergent thermal conditions, seasonal changes of these parameters were not synchronous. Analysis of seasonal changes revealed that winter-related transformations of the PSA structural–functional condition in needles are subject to consistent variations at different distances from the gas flame. The PSA activity of needles throughout the studied period was higher near the flame and decreased with the distance from the gas flare. When Chl content in needles decreased in autumn–winter, the smallest reduction was observed in the location near the gas flare (site I) where temperature was 1–2°C higher than the background level. The intermediate decrease in pigment content was noted at a moderate distance from the flame (site III), while the most pronounced decrease occurred at the largest distance from the gas flare (site VII). At the same time, the Chl a/b content ratio in needles was consistently lower for trees located at site I than at site VII. Hence, the amount of light-harvesting complexes in chloroplasts from trees grown at site I was higher than the amount of photosystems in the same chloroplasts. The Chl (a + b)/Car ratio in needles of trees grown near the gas flare (site I) was higher than in locations III and VII. This ratio displayed two significant peaks in the winter dynamics, which was supposedly due to the sufficient preservation of green pigments. Divergent seasonal changes in Chl and Car content and their dissimilar correlations with air temperature indicate that the pools of these pigments are controlled by different mechanisms. The actual Chl content, determined by the balance of pigment degradation and synthesis, should depend on the environmentally modified Chl synthesis and on the protective function of Car. Photosynthesizing cells produce additional amounts of carotenoids during autumn–winter, thus preventing the photodegradation of Chl in the period from autumn to late spring. © 2021, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.This work was supported by the Comprehensive Program of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for 2018–2020 (project no. 18-4-4-10) and by a state assignment to the Institute Botanic Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Modern methods for acne scar correction. Review

The article presents recent data on the acne scars occurrence frequency, etiopathogenesis and classification. It was conducted the effectiveness analysis of existing methods of atrophic acne scars correction, including chemical peels, dermabrasion, needling, surgical techniques, fillers augmentation, laser and light therapy, objectively were assessed side effects and complications during treatment. It were reviewed indications, advantages and disadvantages of each method. The topicality, efficacy and safety of ablative fractional thermolysis were justified.В статье представлены современные данные о частоте встречаемости, этиопатогенезе и классификации рубцов постакне. Проведен анализ эффективности существующих методик коррекции атрофических рубцов постакне, в том числе с помощью химических пилингов, дермабразии, нидлинга, хирургических техник, аугментации филлерами, лазеро- и светотерапии, дана объективная оценка побочных действий и осложнений в процессе лечения. Рассмотрены показания, преимущества и недостатки каждого метода. Обоснована актуальность, эффективность и безопасность применения аблятивного фракционного термолиза

ПРОБЛЕМЫ РЕВАСКУЛЯРИЗАЦИИ ПРИ ОСТРОМ ИНФАРКТЕ МИОКАРДА С ПОДЪЕМОМ СЕГМЕНТА ST

SUMMARY. Based on the data of 370 patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation, problems affecting the efficiency of revascularization treatment by PCI have been analyzed. It has been considered difficult to achieve further reduction in the timing of PCI compared to the available. The acceleration dynamics of ST segment on the electrocardiogram during PCI against thrombolysis and limitations of ECG monitoring during reperfusion in assessing myocardial perfusion have been specified. The necessity and appropriateness of PCI in different periods from the onset of MI have been reasoned. The prospects of using perfusion myocardial SPECT in assessing hypoperfusion and prognosis of restoration of myocardial function have been mentioned. РЕЗЮМЕ. На основании данных о 370 больных острым инфарктом миокарда (ИМ) с подъемом сегмента ST проанализированы проблемы, влияющие на эффективность реваскуляризационного лечения методом чрескожного коронарного вмешательства (ЧКВ). Признано трудно выполнимым дальнейшее сокращение сроков проведения ЧКВ по сравнению с имеющимися. Уточнено ускорение динамики сегмента ST на электрокардиограмме (ЭКГ) при ЧКВ по сравнению с тромболизисом. Уточнены ограничения ЭКГ-контроля при проведении реперфузии в оценке миокардиальной перфузии. Обоснована необходимость и целесообразность выполнения ЧКВ в различные сроки от начала ИМ. Отмечены перспективы использования перфузионной однофотонной эмиссионной компьютерной томографии миокарда в оценке степени гипоперфузии и прогнозе восстановления функции миокарда.

Seasonal Dynamics of Content of Antioxidant System Component in Needles of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Trees Situated in the Local Warming Impact Zone

The seasonal changes in a period of low temperatures and characteristic correlations of some antioxidant system (AOS) components in pine needles influenced by a gas flare are investigated in this study. The parameters taken are total water content (TWC) in needles, peroxidase activity (AP) and selected elements of the antioxidant system of needles, such as content of carotenoids (Car), ascorbic acid (AA), catechins (Cat) and flavanols (Fl). The needles come from Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.), which grow in a gradient of environmental conditions formed in the zone of thermal field of the gas flare impact (at various distances). The gas flare is situated on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (UGRA) of Russia. Three hypotheses were subject to verification: 1) the thermal field of the gas flare during the low temperature period affects the water exchange and the AOS state of needles; 2) increase in temperature of the environment in the flare impact zone during the autumn-winter period causes the decrease in amount of moisture in needles, which is a trait of oxidative stress in cells; 3) in the functioning of a needle's AOS, there are correlations between its components, which values depend on distance from the gas flare and environment created by it. It was found that in the thermal field gradient of the flare, there is neither an additional reduction in TWC in needles compared to the background nor signs of change in the state of AOS corresponding to the oxidative stress in the cells. The greatest impact of the gas flare on characteristics of the physiological state of pine needles is observed in the section closest to the flare. It reveals in the higher values of AP, TWC, Car and decrease in concentration of Fl and AA. The seasonal dynamics of the studied traits values do not correlate with the temperature of the environment. It indicates the indirect effect on the regulation of needle's AOS activity. The factor and correlation analysis of the data indicate a difference in physiological state of pine needles at different distances from the flare. There is no domination of any processes in the functioning of AOS components. The observed correlations between the studied properties change according to distance to the flare. The most stable is a negative AP relationship with ofter parameters, which rise with the increased distance from the flare. The consistency degree of separate AOS components functioning is maximal in background conditions and decreases when approaching the flare. This fact is explained by the modifying effect of the flare on physiological and biochemical processes of the needle's adaptation to specific climatic conditions of the environment.Исследовали сезонные изменения в период низких температур и характер корреляционных связей для содержания общей воды в хвое, пероксидазной активности и содержания отдельных компонентов антиокислительной системы хвои: каротиноидов, аскорбиновой кислоты, катехинов и флавонолов – у деревьев сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.), произрастающих в градиенте условий среды, формируемых в зоне влияния теплового поля газового факела (на разном удалении от него) на территории Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа – Югры (Россия). Проверены 3 гипотезы: 1) тепловое поле газового факела в условиях низких температур влияет на водный обмен и состояние антиокислительной системы хвои; 2) повышение температуры среды в зоне влияния факела в осенне-зимний период приводит к уменьшению количества влаги в хвое, которое вызывает состояние окислительного стресса в клетках; 3) в работе антиокислительной системы хвои между ее отдельными компонентами существуют взаимосвязи, характеристики которых трансформируются в зависимости от условий среды, определяемых удалением от газового факела. В градиенте действия теплового поля факела не наблюдается дополнительного по сравнению с фоном снижения содержания общей воды в хвое и признаков изменения состояния антиокислительной системы, характерных для окислительного стресса. Влияние газового факела на показатели физиологического состояния хвои максимально на ближней к факелу секции. Оно проявляется в виде увеличения пероксидазной активности, количества общей воды, каротиноидов и в снижении содержания флавоноидов и аскорбиновой кислоты. Сезонная динамика изученных показателей не коррелирует с температурой среды, что говорит о ее непрямом действии на регуляцию активности антиокислительной системы хвои. Факторный и корреляционный анализ данных свидетельствуют об отличии физиологического состояния хвои на разном удалении от факела. В функционировании компо- нентов антиокислительной системы хвои не наблюдается доминирования отдельных процессов. Взаимосвязи между изученными показателями изменяются с удалением от факела. Наиболее устойчивой является отрицательная связь пероксидазной активно- сти с остальными показателями, усиливающаяся с увеличением расстояния до факела. Степень согласованности работы отдельных компонентов антиокислительной системы максимальна в условиях фона и уменьшается с приближением к факелу. Это объясняется модифицирующим влиянием факела на физиолого-биохимическиеThis work was financially supported by the Comprehensive Program of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for 2018-2020 (Grant No. 18-4-4-10) and within the state assignment of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science ?Institute Botanic Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences?

The first global deep-sea stable isotope assessment reveals the unique trophic ecology of Vampire Squid Vampyroteuthis infernalis (Cephalopoda)

Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun, 1903, is a widely distributed deepwater cephalopod with unique morphology and phylogenetic position. We assessed its habitat and trophic ecology on a global scale via stable isotope analyses of a unique collection of beaks from 104 specimens from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Cephalopods typically are active predators occupying a high trophic level (TL) and exhibit an ontogenetic increase in δ15N and TL. Our results, presenting the first global comparison for a deep-sea invertebrate, demonstrate that V. infernalis has an ontogenetic decrease in δ15N and TL, coupled with niche broadening. Juveniles are mobile zooplanktivores, while larger Vampyroteuthis are slow-swimming opportunistic consumers and ingest particulate organic matter. Vampyroteuthis infernalis occupies the same TL (3.0–4.3) over its global range and has a unique niche in deep-sea ecosystems. These traits have enabled the success and abundance of this relict species inhabiting the largest ecological realm on the planet.Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The attached file is the published pdf

Pulsar Wind Nebulae with Bow Shocks: Non-thermal Radiation and Cosmic Ray Leptons

Pulsars with high spin-down power produce relativistic winds radiating a non-negligible fraction of this power over the whole electromagnetic range from radio to gamma-rays in the pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). The rest of the power is dissipated in the interactions of the PWNe with the ambient interstellar medium (ISM). Some of the PWNe are moving relative to the ambient ISM with supersonic speeds producing bow shocks. In this case, the ultrarelativistic particles accelerated at the termination surface of the pulsar wind may undergo reacceleration in the converging flow system formed by the plasma outflowing from the wind termination shock and the plasma inflowing from the bow shock. The presence of magnetic perturbations in the flow, produced by instabilities induced by the accelerated particles themselves, is essential for the process to work. A generic outcome of this type of reacceleration is the creation of particle distributions with very hard spectra, such as are indeed required to explain the observed spectra of synchrotron radiation with photon indices Γ≲ 1.5. The presence of this hard spectral component is specific to PWNe with bow shocks (BSPWNe). The accelerated particles, mainly electrons and positrons, may end up containing a substantial fraction of the shock ram pressure. In addition, for typical ISM and pulsar parameters, the e+ released by these systems in the Galaxy are numerous enough to contribute a substantial fraction of the positrons detected as cosmic ray (CR) particles above few tens of GeV and up to several hundred GeV. The escape of ultrarelativistic particles from a BSPWN—and hence, its appearance in the far-UV and X-ray bands—is determined by the relative directions of the interstellar magnetic field, the velocity of the astrosphere and the pulsar rotation axis. In this respect we review the observed appearance and multiwavelength spectra of three different types of BSPWNe: PSR J0437-4715, the Guitar and Lighthouse nebulae, and Vela-like objects. We argue that high resolution imaging of such objects provides unique information both on pulsar winds and on the ISM. We discuss the interpretation of imaging observations in the context of the model outlined above and estimate the BSPWN contribution to the positron flux observed at the Earth