Accidental Vitiation: The Natural and Probable Consequence of \u3ci\u3eRosemond v. United States\u3c/i\u3e on the Natural and Probable Consequence Doctrine

Recently, the Court decided Rosemond v. United States. In Rosemond, the Court had to determine the requisite mental state for aiding and abetting a particular federal crime. While the Court had the opportunity to weigh in on the natural and probable consequence doctrine in Rosemond, it declined to do so in footnote 7. This Note reviews the natural and probable consequence doctrine, its reception by courts and commentators, and the Court’s holding in Rosemond. This Note then applies the holding of Rosemond to several federal cases that employed the doctrine to determine whether, despite footnote 7, the doctrine survives Rosemond. Ultimately, this Note concludes the doctrine does not survive and that such a result is desirable in light of the doctrine’s incompatibility with basic principles of AngloAmerican criminal law

Post-industrial parks in gentrified areas : a qualitative analysis of Park am Gleisdreieck’s aesthetics

Två växande trender i städer idag är gentrifiering och att anlägga parker i postindustriella landskap. Parker i postindustriella landskap har visat sig kunna orsaka mer gentrifiering än andra parker. Vilken betydelse parkers beskaffenhet, särskilt deras estetik, har för deras gentrifierande effekt är inte kartlagt i särskilt hög utsträckning. Syftet med arbetet är därför att undersöka estetiken hos parker anlagda i postindustriella landskap i stadsdelar som har gentrifierats, som ett första steg i att reda ut parkernas roll i gentrifiering. Detta görs genom att analysera estetiken hos Park am Gleisdreieck i Tyskland, en park anlagd på en gammal bangård i ett gentrifierat område i Berlin. Parken analyseras utifrån Thompsons teori om estetiska värderingar inom landskapsarkitektur och Jamesons teori om postmodern estetik. Analysen baseras på material i text och bild från parkens ägare och från arkitektkontoret bakom parken. Resultatet visar att värderingar om att landskapet ska förbättras av människan är framträdande hos Gleisdreiecks estetik. Paralleller finns mellan den begränsade inkluderingen av befintlig natur och hur subkulturer behandlas i gestaltningen. Historielöshet och avsaknad av djup, två typiska karaktärsdrag för postmodernism, förekommer också hos parken. De tas i uttryck i en förenkling och försköning av platsens komplexa arbetarklasshistoria – en historia av liv i marginalerna och motstånd mot stadsförnyelseprojekt. Därigenom varufieras platsens natur, historia och kultur vilket konstruerar en ny autenticitet. Det är möjligt att dessa aspekter av Gleisdreiecks estetik bidrar till gentrifiering.Two currently expanding trends in cities are gentrification and the construction of parks in post-industrial landscapes. Parks in post-industrial landscapes have been proven to cause more gentrification than other parks. How the nature of parks, especially their aesthetics, influences their effect on gentrification is not well studied. The aim of this essay is therefore to examine the aesthetics of parks in post-industrial landscapes in gentrified areas as a first step to understanding their role in gentrification. This is done by analysing the aesthetics of Park am Gleisdreieck in Germany, a park built on an old railyard in a gentrified area of Berlin. The analysis is conducted according to Thompson’s theory on aesthetic values in landscape architecture and Jameson’s theory on postmodern aesthetics, and is based upon written and photographic material from the owner of the park and from the architecture firm that designed the park. The results show that values of improving the landscape are prominent in Gleisdreieck’s aesthetics. The park design reveals similarities between the limited preservation of nature in the park and the treatment of subcultures. Depthlessness and a lack of historicity, two key features of postmodernism, are prevalent in the park. These are manifested through simplifying and beautifying the landscape’s complex working-class history – a history of life in the margins and resistance against urban renewal projects. In this way the park’s nature, history and culture is commodified, and a new authenticity is created. It is possible that these aspects of Gleisdreieck’s aesthetics contribute to gentrification

Trends of child undernutrition in rural Ecuadorian communities with differential access to roads, 2004–2013

Road access can influence protective and risk factors associated with nutrition by affecting various social and biological processes. In northern coastal Ecuador, the construction of new roads created a remoteness gradient among villages, providing a unique opportunity to examine the impact of roads on child nutritional outcomes 10 years after the road was built. Anthropometric and haemoglobin measurements were collected from 2,350 children <5 years in Esmeraldas, Ecuador, from 2004 to 2013 across 28 villages with differing road access. Logistic generalized estimating equation models assessed the longitudinal association between village remoteness and prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight, overweight, obesity, and anaemia. We examined the influence of socio‐economic characteristics on the pathway between remoteness and nutrition by comparing model results with and without household‐level socio‐economic covariates. Remoteness was associated with stunting (OR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.30, 0.63]) and anaemia (OR = 0.56, 95% CI [0.44, 0.70]). Over time, the prevalence of stunting was generally decreasing but remained higher in villages closer to the road compared to those farther away. Obesity increased (0.5% to 3%) over time; wasting was high (6%) but stable during the study period. Wealth and education partially explained the better nutritional outcomes in remote vs. road villages more than a decade after some communities gained road access. Establishing the extent to which these patterns persist requires additional years of observation.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144663/1/mcn12588.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144663/2/mcn12588_am.pd

Age‐Specific Associations Between Violence Exposure and Past 30‐Day Marijuana and Alcohol Use

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149511/1/jora12399.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149511/2/jora12399_am.pd

A Latent Profile Analysis of Aggression and Victimization across Relationship Types Among Veterans Who Use Substances

Objective: This study examined patterns of violence victimization and aggression in both intimate partner and non-partner relationships among veterans, and used latent profile analysis to identify subtypes of violence involvement. Methods: Participants were 841 substance use treatment-seeking veterans (94% male) from a large VA Medical Center who completed screening measures for a randomized controlled trial. Self-report measures were: substance use, legal problems, depression, and violence involvement. Results: Past year violence involvement, including both intimate partner (IPV) and non-partner (NPV) were common in the sample; although NPV occurred at somewhat higher rates. When including either IPV or NPV aggression or victimization, over 48% reported involvement with physical violence, 31% with violence involving injury and 86% with psychological aggression. Latent profile analysis including both aggression and victimization in partner and non-partner relationships indicated a four profile solution: no-low violence (NLV, n = 701), predominantly IPV (n = 35), predominantly NPV (n = 83), and high general violence (HGV, n = 22). Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that compared to the no-low violence group, the remaining three groups differed in demographics, depressive symptoms, alcohol and other drug use, and legal involvement. Individuals within each profile had different patterns of substance use and legal involvement with the participants with an HGV profile reporting the most legal problems. Conclusions: IPV and NPV are relatively common among veterans seeking substance use treatment. Characteristics of violence and associated substance use, mental health, and legal difficulties may be useful in considering how to tailor substance use and mental health services

The Role of Mobile Genetic Elements in the Spread of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli from Chickens to Humans in Small-Scale Production Poultry Operations in Rural Ecuador

© The Author(s) 2018. Small-scale production poultry operations are increasingly common worldwide. To investigate how these operations influence antimicrobial resistance and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), Escherichia coli isolates were sampled from small-scale production birds (raised in confined spaces with antibiotics in feed), household birds (no movement constraints; fed on scraps), and humans associated with these birds in rural Ecuador (2010-2012). Isolates were screened for genes associated with MGEs as well as phenotypic resistance to 12 antibiotics. Isolates from small-scale production birds had significantly elevated odds of resistance to 7 antibiotics and presence of MGE genes compared with household birds (adjusted odds ratio (OR) range = 2.2-87.9). Isolates from humans associated with small-scale production birds had elevated odds of carrying an integron (adjusted OR = 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 3.83) compared with humans associated with household birds, as well as resistance to sulfisoxazole (adjusted OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.01, 3.60) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (adjusted OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.13, 3.95). Stratifying by the presence of MGEs revealed antibiotic groups that are explained by biological links to MGEs; in particular, resistance to sulfisoxazole, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, or tetracycline was highest among birds and humans when MGE exposures were present. Small-scale production poultry operations might select for isolates carrying MGEs, contributing to elevated levels of resistance in this setting

In-roads to the spread of antibiotic resistance: regional patterns of microbial transmission in northern coastal Ecuador

The evolution of antibiotic resistance (AR) increases treatment cost and probability of failure, threatening human health worldwide. The relative importance of individual antibiotic use, environmental transmission and rates of introduction of resistant bacteria in explaining community AR patterns is poorly understood. Evaluating their relative importance requires studying a region where they vary. The construction of a new road in a previously roadless area of northern coastal Ecuador provides a valuable natural experiment to study how changes in the social and natural environment affect the epidemiology of resistant Escherichia coli. We conducted seven bi-annual 15 day surveys of AR between 2003 and 2008 in 21 villages. Resistance to both ampicillin and sulphamethoxazole was the most frequently observed profile, based on antibiogram tests of seven antibiotics from 2210 samples. The prevalence of enteric bacteria with this resistance pair in the less remote communities was 80 per cent higher than in more remote communities (OR = 1.8 [1.3, 2.3]). This pattern could not be explained with data on individual antibiotic use. We used a transmission model to help explain this observed discrepancy. The model analysis suggests that both transmission and the rate of introduction of resistant bacteria into communities may contribute to the observed regional scale AR patterns, and that village-level antibiotic use rate determines which of these two factors predominate. While usually conceived as a main effect on individual risk, antibiotic use rate is revealed in this analysis as an effect modifier with regard to community-level risk of resistance

Uptake Rate of Cationic Mitochondrial Inhibitor MKT-077 Determines Cellular Oxygen Consumption Change in Carcinoma Cells

<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Since tumor radiation response is oxygen-dependent, radiosensitivity can be enhanced by increasing tumor oxygenation. Theoretically, inhibiting cellular oxygen consumption is the most efficient way to increase oxygen levels. The cationic, rhodacyanine dye-analog MKT-077 inhibits mitochondrial respiration and could be an effective metabolic inhibitor. However, the relationship between cellular MKT-077 uptake and metabolic inhibition is unknown. We hypothesized that rat and human mammary carcinoma cells would take up MKT-077, causing a decrease in oxygen metabolism related to drug uptake.</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>R3230Ac rat breast adenocarcinoma cells were exposed to MKT-077. Cellular MKT-077 concentration was quantified using spectroscopy, and oxygen consumption was measured using polarographic electrodes. MKT-077 uptake kinetics were modeled by accounting for uptake due to both the concentration and potential gradients across the plasma and mitochondrial membranes. These kinetic parameters were used to model the relationship between MKT-077 uptake and metabolic inhibition. MKT-077-induced changes in oxygen consumption were also characterized in MDA-MB231 human breast carcinoma cells.</p> <h3>Results</h3><p>Cells took up MKT-077 with a time constant of ∼1 hr, and modeling showed that over 90% of intracellular MKT-077 was bound or sequestered, likely by the mitochondria. The uptake resulted in a rapid decrease in oxygen consumption, with a time constant of ∼30 minutes. Surprisingly the change in oxygen consumption was proportional to uptake rate, not cellular concentration. MKT-077 proved a potent metabolic inhibitor, with dose-dependent decreases of 45–73% (p = 0.003).</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>MKT-077 caused an uptake rate-dependent decrease in cellular metabolism, suggesting potential efficacy for increasing tumor oxygen levels and radiosensitivity <em>in vivo</em>.</p> </div