Analysis of Advantages of Single Layer Vs Double Layer Anastomosis of Bowel

INTRODUCTION: In the modern day surgical practice, we come across situations in abdominal surgery, where we require resection and anastomosis of bowel. In small bowel resection and anastomosis, conventionally, two layer suturing technique i.e., inner layer with absorbable suture material in continuous fashion and outer layer with non absorbable suture material in a continuous or interrupted fashion, was considered secure. Recently, it has been advocated that anastomosis of small bowel with a single layer suturing using a non absorbable monofilament suture material in a continuous fashion has the same outcome when compared to double layer suturing technique. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. Complications of Single layer technique and the Double layer technique in emergency and elective surgeries. 2. Time consumption for performing single layer anastomosis as well as double layer anastomosis. 3. Cost effectiveness of single layer anastomosis. MATERIALS & METHODS: All adult patients requiring intestinal anastomosis at Govt. Rajaji Hospital from July 2008 to June 2010 were considered eligible. Totally 60 patients were included in our study. 30 patients under went single layer anastomosis and 30 patients underwent double layer anastomosis. Patients who underwent elective or emergency surgery were included in our study. Based on a careful history and meticulous physical examination, combined with adjunctive investigations, a decision to operate urgently or electively was taken. Baseline laboratory parameters like blood urea, blood sugar, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes, blood grouping and typing were done in all the cases, to rule out co morbid conditions. Evaluation of patients with Acute abdomen: Immediately after receiving the patient, primary survey was done, which included resuscitation secondary survey included definitive management. DISCUSSION: Our study assessed the efficacy and safety of single and double layer anastomosis after intestinal resection, in emergency and elective situations. Generally, conventional two layered technique is being practised. But this causes excessive mucosal inversion, causing narrowing of lumen and may lead to ischaemia of anastomotic site. To overcome this problem little mucosal and complete serosal continuous suturing technique was tried. It has the advantage of good opposition of serosal surfaces, no luminal narrowing and less damage to submucosal vascular plexus. In our study, anastomotic leakage in single layer group was 3.3% which is consistent with the other studies which showed leakage in the range of 1.3 to 7.7%. In emergency situations the anastomotic leak rate in single layer group is 5% The double layer group shows anastomotic leakage around 3.3% again which is consistent with the other studies. In emergency situations the anastomotic leak rate in double layer group 5%. CONCLUSION: Among the two methods of small intestinal bowel anastomosis which we have studied, our observations are ; 1. There is no much difference in the development of the complication in both the methods. However the development of complications in emergency situation is more marked in both the methods. 2. The time required to construct a single layer anastomosis is lesser than that of the double layer anastomosis. 3. Narrowing of the lumen of the bowel is lesser in single layer anastomosis when compared to double layer anastomosis. 4. Bowel movements recovered early in single layer anastomosis when compared to double layer anastomosis. 5. Finally, construction of single layer anastomosis of small bowel is cost effective when compared to that of double layer anastomosis

Generation of Cooperative Perception Messages for Connected and Automated Vehicles

Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) utilize a variety of onboard sensors to sense their surrounding environment. CAVs can improve their perception capabilities if vehicles exchange information about what they sense using V2X communications. This is known as cooperative or collective perception (or sensing). A frequent transmission of collective perception messages could improve the perception capabilities of CAVs. However, this improvement can be compromised if vehicles generate too many messages and saturate the communications channel. An important aspect is then when vehicles should generate the perception messages. ETSI has proposed the first set of message generation rules for collective perception. These rules define when vehicles should generate collective perception messages and what should be their content. We show that the current rules generate a high number of collective perception messages with information about a small number of detected objects. This results in an inefficient use of the communication channel that reduces the effectiveness of collective perception. We address this challenge and propose an improved algorithm that modifies the generation of collective perception messages. We demonstrate that the proposed solution improves the reliability of V2X communication and the perception of CAVs

Expanded porphyrins as third order non-linear optical materials: some structure-function correlations

In this paper, the non-linear optical properties of representative core-modified expanded porphyrins have been investigated with an emphasis on the structure-property relationship between the aromaticity and conformational behaviour. It has been shown that the measured two-photon absorption cross section (σ2) values depend on the structure of macrocycle, its aromaticity and the number of π-electrons in conjugation

Cooperative Perception for Connected and Automated Vehicles: Evaluation and Impact of Congestion Control

Automated vehicles make use of multiple sensors to detect their surroundings. Sensors have significantly improved over the years but still face challenges due to the presence of obstacles or adverse weather conditions, among others. Cooperative or collective perception has been proposed to help mitigate these challenges through the exchange of sensor data among vehicles using V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communications. Recent studies have shown that cooperative perception can complement on-board sensors and increase the vehicle's awareness beyond its sensors field of view. However, cooperative perception significantly increases the amount of information exchanged by vehicles which can degrade the V2X communication performance and ultimately the effectiveness of cooperative perception. In this context, this study conducts first a dimensioning analysis to evaluate the impact of the sensors' characteristics and the market penetration rate on the operation and performance of cooperative perception. The study then investigates the impact of congestion control on cooperative perception using the Decentralized Congestion Control (DCC) framework defined by ETSI. The study demonstrates that congestion control can negatively impact the perception and latency of cooperative perception if not adequately configured. In this context, this study demonstrates for the first time that the combination of congestion control functions at the Access and Facilities layers can improve the perception achieved with cooperative perception and ensure a timely transmission of the information. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of an adequate configuration of DCC for the development of connected and automated vehicles

The Two Forms of Lysine Decarboxylase; Kinetics and Effect of Expression in Relation to Acid Tolerance Response in E. coli

Lysine decarboxylase has gained importance recently due to its involvement in acid tolerance response in some pathogenic bacteria. Two forms of the enzyme exist. One, CadA, is part of an operon and is induced by changes in external pH. The other form, Ldc, is constitutively expressed. The differences between the two enzymes have not been understood fully. CadA has been studied more extensively whereas Ldc has not received much attention. The enzymes Ldc and CadA were purified individually using Ni-affinity chromatography from over expressing clones and it was found that their Km for lysine were 0.84mM and 0.27mM respectively. Their velocities, Vmax, were 27.21nmol cadaverine/min/µg of enzyme, and 8.148nmol cadaverine/min/µg of enzyme respectively. Epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA), benserazide, carbidopa and voveran were added to the enzyme. Voveran inhibited only the inducible form of the enzyme. The assay of activity of each of these enzymes during growth of E.coli suggests that the two forms of the enzyme might be expressed at various phases of growth. This might be the probable reason for the presence of two enzymes which catalyse essentially the same reaction.ÂÂ

Comparative Studies on Application of Various Adsorbents in Textile Waste Water

This thesis aims to explore the potential of employing natural adsorbents, such as cashew nut shells, date seeds, orange peels, and coir pith, to mitigate COD levels in textile wastewater. The wastewater used for the study was sourced from a textile industry located in Salem. The investigation involved batch studies, wherein the effectiveness of each selected absorbent in reducing COD was assessed to determine the most efficient among the four sorbents. The initial concentration from the batch research served as a basis for identifying the optimal adsorbent, with the COD of the textile wastewater maintained consistently along with the initial dye concentration. To conduct the study, the adsorbent was incrementally introduced in 10 g portions into conical flasks. Over a10-minute period following a 20-minute contact time, the supernatant liquid from each conical flask was collected using syringes. The COD concentration in the obtained samples was determined using a standard methodology. Results revealed that date seeds exhibited the highest percentage of COD removal at 67%, followed by cashew nut shells at 45%, coir pith at 33%, and orange peels at 23%. The data obtained indicated that cashew nut shells and date seeds achieved the highest percentages of COD reduction, respectively. On the other hand, the Orange Peel Adsorbent displayed the least reduction in COD. Based on the collected findings, date seeds emerge as a promising adsorbent for effectively lowering COD in the treatment of textile wastewater

Context-based Broadcast Acknowledgement for Enhanced Reliability of Cooperative V2X Messages

Most V2X applications/services are supported by the continuous exchange of broadcast messages. One of the main challenges is to increase the reliability of broadcast transmissions that lack of mechanisms to assure the correct delivery of the messages. To address this issue, one option is the use of acknowledgments. However, this option has scalability issues when applied to broadcast transmissions because multiple vehicles can transmit acknowledgments simultaneously. To control scalability while addressing reliability of broadcast messages, this paper proposes and evaluates a context-based broadcast acknowledgement mechanism where the transmitting vehicles selectively request the acknowledgment of specific/critical broadcast messages, and performs retransmissions if they are not correctly received. In addition, the V2X applications/services identify the situations/conditions that trigger the execution of the broadcast acknowledgment mechanism, and the receiver(s) that should acknowledge the broadcast messages. The paper evaluates the performance of the context-based broadcast acknowledgment mechanism for a Collective Perception Service. The obtained results show the proposed mechanism can contribute to improve the awareness of crossing pedestrians at intersections by increasing the reliability in the exchange of CPM messages between vehicles approaching the intersection. This solution is being discussed under IEEE 802.11bd, and thus can be relevant for the standardization process.10.13039/501100000780-European Commission;10.13039/501100007170-Ministry of Econom

Hardware Security Primitives using Passive RRAM Crossbar Array: Novel TRNG and PUF Designs

With rapid advancements in electronic gadgets, the security and privacy aspects of these devices are significant. For the design of secure systems, physical unclonable function (PUF) and true random number generator (TRNG) are critical hardware security primitives for security applications. This paper proposes novel implementations of PUF and TRNGs on the RRAM crossbar structure. Firstly, two techniques to implement the TRNG in the RRAM crossbar are presented based on write-back and 50% switching probability pulse. The randomness of the proposed TRNGs is evaluated using the NIST test suite. Next, an architecture to implement the PUF in the RRAM crossbar is presented. The initial entropy source for the PUF is used from TRNGs, and challenge-response pairs (CRPs) are collected. The proposed PUF exploits the device variations and sneak-path current to produce unique CRPs. We demonstrate, through extensive experiments, reliability of 100%, uniqueness of 47.78%, uniformity of 49.79%, and bit-aliasing of 48.57% without any post-processing techniques. Finally, the design is compared with the literature to evaluate its implementation efficiency, which is clearly found to be superior to the state-of-the-art.Comment: To appear at ASP-DAC 202