Near-complete phase transfer of single-wall carbon nanotubes by covalent functionalization

We describe here an efficient phase transfer of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) from aqueous to non-aqueous media using a unique amide functionalization route, where water soluble SWNTs (2·6 mg/mL) are effectively transferred to solvents like chloroform, toluene and CS2. A maximum of 30 wt% of oxygenated groups have been generated on the side walls by rapid microwave treatment, leading to a solubility of more than 2·6 mg/mL in water. Approximate surface amine coverage of 50% has been accomplished after oxalyl chloride treatment as inferred from thermogravimetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy by controlling several key parameters associated with the extent of functionalization including purity of the sample, temperature and time

GABB : A global dataset of alpine breeding birds and their ecological traits

Alpine ecosystems represent varied climates and vegetation structures globally, with the potential to support rich and functionally diverse avian communities. High mountain habitats and species are under significant threat from climate change and other anthropogenic factors. Yet, no global database of alpine birds exists, with most mountain systems lacking basic information on species breeding in alpine habitats, their status and trends, or potential cryptic diversity (i.e., sub-species distributions). To address these critical knowledge gaps, we combined published literature, regional monitoring schemes, and expert knowledge from often inaccessible, data-deficient mountain ranges to develop a global list of alpine breeding bird species with their associated distributions and select ecological traits. This dataset compiles alpine breeding records for 1,310 birds, representing 12.0% of extant species and covering all major mountain regions across each continent, excluding Antarctica. The Global Alpine Breeding Bird dataset (GABB) is an essential resource for research on the ecological and evolutionary factors shaping alpine communities, as well as documenting the value of these high elevation, climate-sensitive habitats for conserving biodiversity.Peer reviewe

Images in medicine - Gouty arthritis

Gout is a disorder of uric acid metabolism, characterised by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and periarticular soft tissues as well as renal calculi and chronic nephropathy. The accumulation of crystals in the joints and periarticular soft tissue may cause recurrent episodes inflammatory arthritis. Over the years chronic form may occur with presence of tophi and chronic arthropathy frequently in peripheral and rarely in axial joints. Surgical intervention is usually reserved for cases of recurrent attacks with deformities, severe pain and joint destructions