Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science dedicated to building systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. AI tries to solve problems and learn similar to humans. The field of AI has experienced phenomenal development and growth over the past two decades; with the latest developments in digitized data collection, machine learning, and computing infrastructure, AI applications are expanding rapidly, especially in areas that are thought to be reserved for experts in their fields. Artificial intelligence has started to take place rapidly in dental clinical applications. The use of artificial intelligence in dentistry has enormous potential to improve patient care and drive major advances in healthcare. AI in dentistry is being researched for various purposes, such as identifying anatomical and pathological structures, diagnosing diseases and predicting treatment results, and selecting materials to be used. Advances in AI offer healthcare benefits, such as reducing postoperative complications, improving quality of life, and reducing the number of unnecessary procedures. It can also play a great helping role for dentists in increasing the accuracy of diagnosis. This chapter aims to explain the current applications and future predictions of artificial intelligence in dentistry, which is one of the most current topics of recent times

On the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Some Softwood Cores

The interlaminar fracture toughnesses of balsa and end-grain balsa cores with glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) face elements widely used as constructive members, has been investigated experimentally in this study. The interfacial fracture toughness is determined using a mode-I cracked sandwich beam (CSB) test. Some tests have been performed for the poplar (easily available because of its natural distribution along the coast of Turkey and more cost effective than balsa and its derivatives) in order to see if it is a viable alternative to balsa. Ayous, a low density wood, was also tested additionally to understand its interlaminar fracture behavior as a softwood core. It has been found that ayous, poplar, and balsa, classified as low density cores, have much lower fracture toughness values than end-grain balsa cores. To achieve lighter structures with high fracture toughness by using the cores investigated in this study, it can be seen that the best alternatives in due order are end-grain balsa, ayous, poplar, and balsa, respectively

The Development of Entrepreneurship and Kazakhstan from the Perspective of Entrepreneurship

WOS: 000266152900003Although entrepreneurship dates back to old ages, academic studies on entrepreneurship have increased only very recently. The economic, political, and cultural changes of the current century have resulted in the development of new entrepreneurships. Even though entrepreneurship mostly reminds one of SMEs, it should be remembered that many of today's large firms were once small ones. The concept of dynamic entrepreneurship put forward by Joseph A. Schumpeter has gained enormous importance in recent years. Throughout history the demand for well-qualified individuals with real entrepreneurship spirit who can lead the dynamic forces of the economy has never been as high as it is now in today's information society. It can, therefore, be argued that global success depends on the establishment of social mechanisms to educate potential entrepreneurs. From this perspective, Kazakhstan draws attention as a country with shared cultural values and attractive investment opportunities in numerous sectors

The effects of seawater environment, material direction and thickness on the fatigue performance of adhesively bonded and bolted joints of non-crimp GRP structures

In this experimental study, which was undertaken to evaluate the combined effects of material direction, thickness and seawater environment on the fatigue behaviour of adhesively bonded and bolted joints widely used in GRP boat building, the specimens, which were produced by composite system, which its matrix material was multi-purpose polyester (Dewester 196 from the Dewilux Inc.) and its reinforcing material was non-crimp, E-glass fibres, has been used. Unjoined control specimens taken from two different panels (thickness of 5 mm and 11 mm) with the direction of 0 degrees, were subjected to the tests carried out under both atmospheric and marine conditions, together with unjoined with the directions of 45 degrees and 90 degrees, bonded and bolted specimens taken from the same panels. The study was started with static tensile tests of unjoined and jointed specimens, which have two different thickness, 5 mm and 11 mm and have been aged in 3.5% of NaCl solution, which represents seawater environment, and the results obtained give suggestions on tensile values, which would be used in tension-tension fatigue tests. The cycling in tension-tension fatigue tests was between tensile maximum and zero stress value and the frequency value applied was 7.5 Hz. The specimens, which were subjected to tests in synthetic seawater environment, had been aged previously. The results occurred depending on the material direction, the thickness and the joining type of the material are given in conclusion by comparison. It was seen that the results obtained by testing the material in synthetic seawater is much lower than the results of obtained from testing similar specimens under atmospheric conditions. However, the cyclic stress curves indicate the same slope, suggesting that the fatigue failure mechanism of both testing conditions is the same and the fibre-related factors dominate

Dynamics of ships and fenders during berthing in a time domain

When designing fixed or semi-fixed structures used for berthing ships, it is generally assumed that the entire kinetic energy of the ship is absorbed by the fender or the system of fenders. The fenders have the functions of ensuring a safe berthing both for the ships and the piers by absorbing shock loads and preventing direct contact between the berthed ship and the pier. In this study, the problem is analyzed in the stages of berthing, collision and leaving. Each of the stages is analyzed and solved in the time domain. The system is assumed to consist of three components: pier, fender and the ship. Environmental effects that simultaneously affect berthing are wave, current and wind effects. Cummins equation was assumed to be a good representation of the problem and was solved in time domain taking various factors into account. Nonlinear effects related to the instantaneous values of forces, moments and ship motions, which are time dependent, were studied by the Cummins equation and its later developments by Ogilvie. Fender forces were added to the calculation scheme by the authors. A case study for a passenger ferry operating in Izmir bay is presented. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

END-OF-LIFE ALTERNATIVES OF GLASS REINFORCED POLYESTER BOAT HULLS COMPARED BY LCA

Glass reinforced polyester (GRP), as a thermoset polymer composites, dominates boat building industry with its several advantages such as high strength/weight ratio, cohesiveness, good resistance to environment. However, proper recovering and recycling of GRP boats is became a current environmental requirement that should be met by the related industry. In this study, to propose in a cost effective and environmentally friendly way, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been carried out for six scenarios include two moulding methods (namely Hand Lay-up Method, HLM and Vacuum Infusion Method, VIM) and three End-of-Life (EoL) alternatives(namely Extruding, Incineration and Landfill) for a recreational boat's GRP hulls. A case study from raw materials purchasing phase to disposal/recycling stages has been established taking 11 m length GRP boat hull as the functional unit.Analysis show that in the production phase, the impacts are mainly due to the use of energy (electricity), transport and raw material manufacture. Largest differences between the methods considered (HLM and VIM) can be observed in the factors of marine aquatic ecotoxicity and eutrophication while the closest ones are abiotic depletion, ozon layer depletion and photochemical oxidation. The environmental impact of VIM is much higher than HLM due to its higher energy consumption while vacuum infusion method has lower risk than hand lay-up method in terms of occupational health by using less raw material (resin) in a closed mold. In the comparison of the three EoL techniques, the mechanical way of recycling (granule extruding) shows better environmental impacts except terrestrial ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation and acidification. Among the EoL alternatives, landfill has the highest environmental impacts except `global warming potential' and `human toxicity' which are the highest in extrusion. The main cause of the impacts of landfill is the transportation needs between the EoL boats and the licenced landfill site. Although it has the higher impact on human toxicity, incineration is the second cleaner alternative of EoL techniques considered in this study. In fact that the similar trend has been observed both in production and EoL phases of the boat. It is obvious that using much more renewable energy mix and greener transportation alternative can reduce the overall impact of the all phases considerably

Experimental and Computational Fatigue Analyses of Marine Composites

WOS: 00026401410000

COVID-19 Pandemic and Xenophobia: Case Studies Based on Social Theories

With the COVID-19 Pandemia, there have been many challenges and negative impacts on social, and economic life, including xenophobia. So, this paper strives to describe the contents of the presented xenophobia concepts through the identified subconcepts and open codes- gathered from media by content analysis method. The paper also provides authentic citations that connect the results and raw data from the media. The performed analysis demonstrated that xenophobia is relative to a country or group of countries' context of a threat to their physical, social, and cultural beliefs. Xenophobia included various aspects, e.g., filtered information, economic threat, and emotional reactions. These can be exemplified through media news and incidents occurring in each country or region