The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector at the European XFEL

The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) is an x-ray imager, custom designed for the European x-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). It is a fast, low noise integrating detector, with an adaptive gain amplifier per pixel. This has an equivalent noise of less than 1 keV when detecting single photons and, when switched into another gain state, a dynamic range of more than 10$^4$ photons of 12 keV. In burst mode the system is able to store 352 images while running at up to 6.5 MHz, which is compatible with the 4.5 MHz frame rate at the European XFEL. The AGIPD system was installed and commissioned in August 2017, and successfully used for the first experiments at the Single Particles, Clusters and Biomolecules (SPB) experimental station at the European XFEL since September 2017. This paper describes the principal components and performance parameters of the system.Comment: revised version after peer revie

Assessment of chemical species of lead accumulated in tidemarks of human articular cartilage by X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis

Lead is a toxic trace element that shows a highly specific accumulation in the transition zone between calcified and non-calcified articular cartilage, the so-called ‘tidemark’. Excellent agreement has been found between XANES spectra of synthetic Pb-doped carbonated hydroxyapatite and spectra obtained in the tidemark region and trabecular bone of normal human samples, confirming that in both tissues Pb is incorporated into the hydroxyapatite crystal structure of bone. During this study the µ-XANES set-up at the SUL-X beamline at ANKA was tested and has proven to be well suited for speciation of lead in human mineralized tissue samples

The ABC130 barrel module prototyping programme for the ATLAS strip tracker

For the Phase-II Upgrade of the ATLAS Detector, its Inner Detector, consisting of silicon pixel, silicon strip and transition radiation sub-detectors, will be replaced with an all new 100 % silicon tracker, composed of a pixel tracker at inner radii and a strip tracker at outer radii. The future ATLAS strip tracker will include 11,000 silicon sensor modules in the central region (barrel) and 7,000 modules in the forward region (end-caps), which are foreseen to be constructed over a period of 3.5 years. The construction of each module consists of a series of assembly and quality control steps, which were engineered to be identical for all production sites. In order to develop the tooling and procedures for assembly and testing of these modules, two series of major prototyping programs were conducted: an early program using readout chips designed using a 250 nm fabrication process (ABCN-25) and a subsequent program using a follow-up chip set made using 130 nm processing (ABC130 and HCC130 chips). This second generation of readout chips was used for an extensive prototyping program that produced around 100 barrel-type modules and contributed significantly to the development of the final module layout. This paper gives an overview of the components used in ABC130 barrel modules, their assembly procedure and findings resulting from their tests.Comment: 82 pages, 66 figure

Simulations and Measurements for a concept of powering CALICE-AHCAL at a train-cycled accelerator

Improving calorimetry by usage of the particle-flow algorithm requires to record thedetails of the shower development. Therefore a high granularity analogue readout hadron calorimeter(AHCAL) with small sensors and with electronics handling the enormous amount of channels,40 000/m3, is required. Homogeneity is maintained by avoiding cooling tubes in the active volumeand only cooling at the service end.For this concept low power consumption per channel, 40 mW, is essential. Future lineare+e collider designs, ILC or CLIC, foresee duty cycles for the bunch delivery. At ILC bunchtrains of 1 ms duration are followed by long breaks of 200 ms. Power cycling the front end electronicswith the train structure can reduce power consumption by a factor 100. However for a fullscale CALICE-AHCAL switched currents reach magnitudes of kilo-amperes.This paper describes the design chain from front end PCB’s through to external power supplies.By simulations a concept is developed, in which effects of electromagnetic interferences are keptsmall and localized. The goal is to keep current loops small, to limit the switched current tothe region near the switched consumer and to allow only small frequency currents to spread outfurther into the system. By that analogue performance can be kept high and parasitic couplings tothe surrounding metal structures and other sub-detectors will be minimized. Measurements withexisting prototypes support the validity of the simulations.KEYWORDS: Voltage distributions; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics;Detector grounding; Front-end electronics for detector readout