Causes of Corruption:History, Geography, and Government

Corruption, which remains a serious problem in many countries, has prompted considerable research in recent years. This paper adds to the extant literature with insights on factors influencing corrupt activity. Using cross-country data for about 100 nations, the roles of national history, geography, and government are examined to see how they affect conditions for corruption, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The innovative aspects of this research include use of a wide set of historical, geographical, and governmental determinants of corruption, as well as detailed assessment of several previously considered determinants. The main issues addressed are the effects of the size and scope of government on the incidence of corruption across countries, and the significance of historical and geographic factors in corruption. Regarding the first question, the authors find the size and scope of government can significantly affect corruption. On the second, it is shown that historical institutional inertia in older countries and new rent-seeking opportunities in younger nations can encourage corruption, while certain geographic factors can mitigate corruption. The paper ends with discussion aimed at the policymaker.corruption; bribery; government size; government scope; rent-seeking; history; geography

CFD SIMULATION OF HYDRODYNAMICS AND SCRUBBING BEHAVIOUR OF IODINE VAPORS IN A SELF-PRIMING VENTURI SCRUBBER

In a severe accident scenario, the inadequate heat removal in a nuclear reactor can lead to over pressurization of the containment thus challenging its integrity. If not controlled, this can lead to release of radionuclides and high pressure steam in the environment. To ensure that the containment building remains intact and the reactor depressurizes, the vent line from the reactor is directed to a scrubber tank consisting of multiple venturi scrubbers, metal fiber filter and demister pad (known as Filtered Containment Venting System (FCVS)). This is a passive safety measure suggested for installation in advanced and existing nuclear reactors post Fukushima event. The venturi scrubber plays an important role in depressurizing the containment and filtering the contaminated gas. A numerical model is developed and validated with experimental results to understand the hydrodynamics and scrubbing of iodine vapors in such passive mode of operation

Fictitious Photon Mass in Radiative Bhabha Scattering

This thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to introduction. In the second chapter fundamental definitions and results required in the sequal are given. In the third chapter an Opial type inequalities involving fractional derivatives. The later chapter includes Opial type inequalities involving Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives of two functions.Bu tez, dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölüm giriş kısmına ayrılmıştır. İkinci bölümde çalışmamız için gerekli olan temel kavramlar verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, kesirli türevler içeren Opial tipli eşitsizlikler için bazı sonuçlar verildi. Son bölümde iki değişkenli fonksiyonlar için Riemann-Liouville kesirli türevlerini içeren Opial tipli eşitsizliklerin bazı sonuçları verildi

Association of Heavy Rainfall on Genotypic Diversity in V. cholerae Isolates from an Outbreak in India

The outbreak of waterborne disease cholera has been associated with rainfall and flooding events by contamination of potable water with environmental Vibrio cholerae. The continuation of the epidemic in a region, however, is often due to secondary transmission of the initial outbreak strain through human waste. This paper reports, on the contrary, a rapid shift of genotype from one V. cholerae strain to another one in an epidemic region. V. cholerae isolated from patients during 2005 cholera epidemic in Chennai, India were characterized using PCR identification of toxin genes, antibiogram, and genomic fingerprinting analysis. The results showed that in spite of the similarity of toxin genes and antibiogram, the Vibrio isolates grouped into two different clusters based on the ERIC-PCR fingerprinting. Each cluster corresponded to a distinct peak of cholera outbreak, which occurred after separate heavy rainfall. The results suggest that the rainfall event can bring various genotypes of V. cholerae strains causing multiple outbreaks

The glass transition and crystallization kinetic studies on BaNaB9O15 glasses

Transparent glasses of BaNaB9O15 (BNBO) were fabricated via the conventional melt-quenching technique. The amorphous and the glassy nature of the as-quenched samples were respectively, confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The glass transition and crystallization parameters were evaluated under non-isothermal conditions using DSC. The correlation between the heating rate dependent glass transition and the crystallization temperatures was discussed and deduced the Kauzmann temperature for BNBO glass-plates and powdered samples. The values of the Kauzmann temperature for the plates and powdered samples were 776 K and 768 K, respectively. Approximation-free method was used to evaluate the crystallization kinetic parameters for the BNBO glass samples. The effect of the sample thickness on the crystallization kinetics of BNBO glasses was also investigated.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figure

Experiences of the Support Designs in the Two Large Underground Openings in India

Support requirements for two caverns arc worked out by empirical and the numerical approaches. The adequacy of the shotcrete-rock bolt support system is monitored by measuring the deformations of caverns walls and roof. The measurements are compared with the results obtained from the numerical approach. Brief geology, the supports, and the results of performance monitoring are presented in the paper

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans of Scalp With Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon, slow growing and locally aggressive tumor of the skin with a high rate of recurrence even after supposedly wide excision. The reports of regional lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis are very rare. Because of the extreme rarity of these cases with metastasis, the experience with management of such patients is very limited. A case of recurrent DFSP of scalp, with metastasis to the regional lymph nodes, in a 17-year-old boy is reported here. This is the second case of DFSP involving scalp and 16th case of DFSP of all sites metastasizing to the regional lymph nodes reported in literature. The patient was treated with wide excision of the lesion and ipsilateral radical neck dissection (including excision of overlying involved skin)