Growth in Unemployment Raises Poverty Rates: Most Low-Wage Earnings Constitute Supplement to Primary Household Income

Inequality with respect to personal earned income has increased in recent years. This trend has gone hand in hand with changes in both the employment constellations of households and the labor market activity of individuals (e.g. through 'minijobs'). In particular, the years since 2000 have seen a rise in the share of households with no market income because their members are either registered or hidden unemployed. These findings do not necessarily indicate an increase in relative poverty, because the latter depends on net household income and not just on individual primary incomes. While the risk of poverty also increased in recent years amongst low-wage earners, the rise only applied to those 47% of low-wage earners who live in households without another gainfully employed household member. More than half of all low-wage earners live in households that have a below-average risk of poverty. Unemployment still represents the principal risk factor for poverty. Whereas the likelihood of being poor in the event of unemployment was 29% in 1993, this risk had increased by ten percentage points by 2003. For an unemployed person living alone or whose spouse or partner was not working, the risk of poverty in 2003 was a substantial risk of 53%.

Integrated pest management of sugarcane moth borers: An Indonesian experience : S1012TU05 Integrated Pest Management

An Integrated Pest Management program is developed to combat moth borer infestation in Java, Indonesia. An extensive survey over a period of two years (2010 ? 2011) revealed the existence of five moth borer species causing damage to sugarcane crops in Java, and these were Chilo auricilius, C. sacchariphagus, Scirpophaga excerptalis, Sesamia inferens and Tetramoera schistaceana, with the three former species being the most abundant. Infestation by C. sacchariphagus and C. auricilius caused dead heart and leaf damage in young cane and bored internodes in older cane, while S. excerptalis was responsible for the majority of dead heart symptoms at all stages of plant development. Infestation by the main three borers commenced in February and escalated to a peak in about June ? July. Our results revealed very low levels of parasitism by key natural enemies, and this was attributed to inconsistent parasitoid release, lack of prior assessment of infestation levels, release of low parasitoid densities and random use of insecticides. Certain varieties demonstrated a degree of tolerance to borer infestation, however, different susceptibility levels to different borer species was evident, hence, breeding for combined resistance to all borer species is difficult. A plan is developed based on borer abundance in the field, whereby accurate densities of natural enemies are released as borer infestation commences and well before it reaches a peak. The principal components of a detailed Integrated Management Program to combat moth borer infestations in Indonesia are discussed. (Résumé d'auteur

Gestiegene Einkommensungleichheit in Deutschland

Seit dem Jahr 2000 ist in Deutschland ein markanter Anstieg der Ungleichheit der Einkommen der privaten Haushalte zu beobachten. Damit verbunden haben sich auch die Armutsrisiken deutlich erhöht. Welche Ursachen haben zu dem Anstieg der Einkommensungleichheit geführt? Welche Entwicklungen sind bei den individuellen Erwerbseinkommen der Personen im erwerbsfähigen Alter zu verzeichnen und welche Auswirkungen haben diese auf die Verteilung der Haushaltseinkommen in der Bevölkerung insgesamt

Calculation of Mutual Information for Partially Coherent Gaussian Channels with Applications to Fiber Optics

The mutual information between a complex-valued channel input and its complex-valued output is decomposed into four parts based on polar coordinates: an amplitude term, a phase term, and two mixed terms. Numerical results for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with various inputs show that, at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the amplitude and phase terms dominate the mixed terms. For the AWGN channel with a Gaussian input, analytical expressions are derived for high SNR. The decomposition method is applied to partially coherent channels and a property of such channels called "spectral loss" is developed. Spectral loss occurs in nonlinear fiber-optic channels and it may be one effect that needs to be taken into account to explain the behavior of the capacity of nonlinear fiber-optic channels presented in recent studies.Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Information Theor

Automatic classification of spectra from the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS)

A new classification of Infrared spectra collected by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) is presented. The spectral classes were discovered automatically by a program called Auto Class 2. This program is a method for discovering (inducing) classes from a data base, utilizing a Bayesian probability approach. These classes can be used to give insight into the patterns that occur in the particular domain, in this case, infrared astronomical spectroscopy. The classified spectra are the entire Low Resolution Spectra (LRS) Atlas of 5,425 sources. There are seventy-seven classes in this classification and these in turn were meta-classified to produce nine meta-classes. The classification is presented as spectral plots, IRAS color-color plots, galactic distribution plots and class commentaries. Cross-reference tables, listing the sources by IRAS name and by Auto Class class, are also given. These classes show some of the well known classes, such as the black-body class, and silicate emission classes, but many other classes were unsuspected, while others show important subtle differences within the well known classes

Growth in Unemployment Raises Poverty Rates: Most Low-Wage Earnings Constitute Supplement to Primary Household Income

Inequality with respect to personal earned income has increased in recent years. This trend has gone hand in hand with changes in both the employment constellations of households and the labor market activity of individuals (e.g. through 'minijobs'). In particular, the years since 2000 have seen a rise in the share of households with no market income because their members are either registered or hidden unemployed. These findings do not necessarily indicate an increase in relative poverty, because the latter depends on net household income and not just on individual primary incomes. While the risk of poverty also increased in recent years amongst low-wage earners, the rise only applied to those 47% of low-wage earners who live in households without another gainfully employed household member. More than half of all low-wage earners live in households that have a below-average risk of poverty. Unemployment still represents the principal risk factor for poverty. Whereas the likelihood of being poor in the event of unemployment was 29% in 1993, this risk had increased by ten percentage points by 2003. For an unemployed person living alone or whose spouse or partner was not working, the risk of poverty in 2003 was a substantial risk of 53%

Mehr Armut durch steigende Arbeitslosigkeit: Niedriglöhne überwiegend als Zusatzeinkommen im Haushalt

In den letzten Jahren ist die Ungleichheit der individuellen Erwerbseinkommen gestiegen. Dies ging einher mit einer Veränderung der haushaltsspezifischen Erwerbskonstellation und der individuellen Erwerbsbeteiligung (z. B. Minijobs). Insbesondere ist seit 2000 ein steigender Anteil von Haushalten ohne Markteinkommen zu beobachten, weil deren Mitglieder arbeitslos sind oder zur stillen Reserve gehören. Diese Befunde bedeuten nicht zwangsläufig einen Anstieg der relativen Einkommensarmut, denn diese hängt vom Haushaltsnettoeinkommen und nicht allein von den individuellen Primäreinkommen ab. Zwar stieg in den letzten Jahren auch bei der Gruppe der Niedriglohnbezieher das Risiko der Einkommensarmut; dies betraf lediglich jene 47 % der Niedriglohnbezieher in Haushalten ohne einen weiteren Erwerbstätigen. Mehr als die Hälfte aller Niedriglohnbezieher lebt aber in Haushalten mit einem unterdurchschnittlichen Armutsrisiko. Das markanteste Armutsrisiko stellt nach wie vor Arbeitslosigkeit dar. Lag 1993 die Wahrscheinlichkeit, im Falle von Arbeitslosigkeit zur Gruppe der einkommensarmen Personen zu zählen, bei 29 %, war dieses Risiko im Jahre 2003 um 10 Prozentpunkte höher. Lebt ein Arbeitsloser allein im Haushalt oder übt dessen (Ehe-)Partner keine Erwerbstätigkeit aus, betrug das Armutsrisiko im Jahre 2003 sogar 53 %.