La agricultura andina ante una globalización en desplome

Casi toda la discusión que se da hoy en día en el Perú acerca del desarrollo agrícola se basa en la presunción de que el mundo del futuro será simplemente una extensión del mundo de hoy. Se cree que el proceso de globalización va a seguir avanzando con el mismo rumbo que los últimos veinte o treinta años. Se supone también que la agricultura peruana siempre contará con mercados extranjeros en permanente crecimiento, en los cuales se podrán colocar los productos nacionales y de donde se importarán productos baratos necesarios para satisfacer las necesidades alimenticias que no se producen aquí o cuya producción no se considera económicamente competitiva en la coyuntura. Se predica así el desarrollo prioritario de una agricultura altamente tecnificada para la producción de bienes para la exportación, que también servirá para el mercado urbano nacional

Cenozoic origins of the genus Calliarcys (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) revealed by Micro‑CT, with DNA barcode gap analysis of Leptophlebiinae and Habrophlebiinae

We are grateful to Michel Sartori (Lausanne, Switzerland) and José Ángel Martín del Arco (Salamanca, Spain) for donating the specimens of C. humilis to SMNS, BC CAS, and UŁ collections. We are also grateful to Christel and Hans-Werner Hoffeins (Hamburg, Germany), Mike Reich (BSPG, Munich, Germany), and Evgeny Perkovsky (Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kyiv, Ukraine) for access to their collections of fossil mayflies from the Eocene Rovno amber. We would like to thank Kateřina Bláhová (IE, BC CAS) and Milan Pallmann (SMNS) for technical assistance with line drawings and the preparation of a set of macro photographs. Tomasz Mamos (UniLodz, Poland) is acknowledged for his help in the Bayesian reconstruction of phylogeny, and Łukasz Trębicki (UniLodz, Poland) for help in molecular laboratory. Comments from reviewers helped to improve the manuscript. JA-T thank the staff of Bruker SkyScan in Kontich (Belgium) for their effectiveness and fast support, for their constant improvements to the software, and for implementing the new options we requested. In this respect, we are especially indebted to Alexander Sasov (now at NeoScan, https:// neosc an. com), Stephan Boons, Xuan Liu, Phil Salmon, and Vladimir Kharitonov. We would like to thank the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and efforts towards improving our manuscript. LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:pub:C58BEE82-0EC6-4C59-A02D-1E5F796179B6Additional information Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// doi. org/ 10. 1038/ s41598- 022- 18234-4.Funding Open access funding enabled and organized by the University of Łódź (Poland). RJG acknowledges the financial support of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (No. 21-05216S) and institutional support of the Institute of Entomology (Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences) RVO: 60077344. Acquisition of research equipment used in this study has been carried out within equipment subsidy granted by Alexander von Humboldt Foundation [Georg Forster Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers] for RJG.Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are among the oldest pterygote insects, with the earliest fossils dating back to the Late Carboniferous. Within mayflies, Leptophlebiidae are a highly diverse and widespread group, with approximately 140 genera and 640 species. Whereas taxonomy, systematics, and phylogeny of extant Leptophlebiidae are in the focus of extensive studies, little is known about leptophlebiid fossil taxa. Because fossil remains of Ephemeroptera in sedimentary rocks are relatively rare, inclusions of mayflies in amber are a unique source of information on their evolution and diversity in the past. Leptophlebiidae found in Cenozoic resins mostly belong to the subfamilies Leptophlebiinae (in Eocene Baltic amber) and Atalophlebiinae (in Miocene Dominican and Mexican ambers). In the present contribution, we confirm the first finding of the genus Calliarcys from Eocene Baltic amber by using Micro-CT, which allowed confirming its generic placement by visualizing diagnostic key characters otherwise hidden by a cloud of turbidity. Additionally, we present first molecular data on the extant species Calliarcys humilis Eaton, 1881 from the Iberian Peninsula and the barcode gap analysis for Leptophlebiinae and Habrophlebiinae.Funding Open access funding enabled and organized by the University of Łódź (Poland)Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (No. 21-05216S)Institute of Entomology (Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences) RVO: 60077344Alexander von Humboldt Foundation [Georg Forster Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers

A new species of Epeorus (Caucasiron) (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) from Azerbaijan and Iran

A new species, Epeorus (Caucasiron) hyrcanicus sp. nov., is described based on larval morphology and molecular data (COI) containing sequences from all Caucasian Caucasiron species described to date. The species is distributed in the Hyrcanian forest of southeastern Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Based on our wide-range sampling, the new species is likely endemic to this area. The most pronounced larval morphological diagnostic characters are the coloration pattern of abdominal sterna (a pair of oblique stripes and stripe-like medio-lateral maculae) and terga (triangular medial maculae), poorly developed projection of the costal margin of gill plates III, presence of hair-like setae on the surface of abdominal terga, and relatively wide shape of gill plates VII (in natural position from ventral view). The diagnostic characters are compared to related species, and primary information to habitat is provided

Ecdyonurus (Nestormeus) groehnorum Godunko, 2007, sp. nov.

Ecdyonurus (Nestormeus) groehnorum sp. nov. (Figs 1–6) Description. Female imago. Measurements: see Table 1. Characters (mm) Length of body 5.33 Length of right fore leg 3.95 Length of femur 1.53 Length of tibia 1.38 Length of tarsus 1.04 Segment I 0.15 Segment II 0.28 Segment III 0.25 Segment IV 0.18 Segment V 0.18 Length of left fore leg 3.86 Length of femur 1.50 Length of tibia 1.40 Length of tarsus 0.96 Segment I 0.15 Segment II 0.28 Segment III 0.23 Segment IV 0.15 Segment V 0.15 Length of right middle leg 3.52 Length of femur 1.63 Length of tibia 1.23 Length of tarsus 0.66 Segment I 0.13 Segment II 0.15 Segment III 0.13 Segment IV 0.10 Segment V 0.15 Length of left middle leg 3.50 Length of femur 1.58 Length of tibia 1.28 Length of tarsus 0.64 Segment I 0.13 Segment II 0.13 Segment III 0.13 Segment IV 0.10 Segment V 0.15 Length of right hind leg 3.20 Length of femur 1.58 Length of tibia 1.05 to be continued. Characters (mm) Length of tarsus 0.57 Segment I 0.13 Segment II 0.13 Segment III 0.10 Segment IV 0.08 Segment V 0.13 Length of right fore wing 5.93 Length of left fore wing 5.75 Length of right hind wing - Length of left hind wing 2.13 Hind /fore wings length ratio 0.36 Length of cerci 8.00* *Completely preserved right cercus only. Left cercus damaged, the length of preserved part is 2.4 mm. Body pale. Head uniformly brownish pigmented. Eyes noncontiguous, widely separated. Thorax light brown to brown with paler pronotum. Some brownish smudges around mesonotal sutures. Ventral side of thorax with the same color as dorsal one. Mesonotal suture deep, well visible, stretched backward medially. Medioparapsidal suture is well visible from the left side of the body only. Lateroparapsidal sutures deep and slightly curved, noncontiguous with medioparapsidal sutures (Fig. 1). Proximal part of mesonotum invisible from dorsal view. Median impression of furcasternum of mesothorax with sub-parallel margins, narrowed posteriorly and distinctly divergent in anterior part. Prosternum without any transversal ridge, typical of Ecdyonurus s. l. (Fig. 2, 5). Both pairs of wings translucent and opaque (Fig. 6). Cubital field of fore wings with two pairs of intercalary veins. Hind wings with RS, MA and MP triads. Hind right wing damaged. Wing venation well preserved, with typical structure of the family Heptageniidae (see Kluge 2004: 380–384). Patella-tibial suture is distinct enough in middle and hind legs. Tarsi of all legs are 5 -segmented, with dissimilar tarsal claws (one pointed and one blunt claw). Abdominal segments slightly deformed. Abdominal terga and sterna paler than thorax. Subgenital plate large, well developed, with visible apically impression. Subanal plate elongate, rounded, apically with marked tip (Figs 3, 4). Cerci preserved, longer than body (see Table 1). Affinities. Ecdyonurus groehnorum sp. nov. belongs to the subgenus Nestormeus within the genus Ecdyonurus, which can be distinguished from the other representatives of this genus by the combination of the following characters: (1) median impression of furcasternum of mesothorax with sub-parallel margins, narrowed posteriorly and distinctly divergent in its anterior part (see Kluge 2004), and (2) lateroparapsidal sutures deep and slightly curved, noncontiguous with medioparapsidal sutures (see Godunko 2004). The new species can be easily distinguished from the earlier described E. leopoliensis by the shape of the subanal and (especially) the subgenital plates. In contrast to E. leopoliensis, which can be characterized by the presence of a rounded apically subgenital plate without any impression, E. groehnorum sp. nov. bears a visible impression on the tip of the subgenital plate. The subanal plate of the new species is elongate with the tip marked apically, in contrast to the short and uniformly rounded subanal plate of E. leopoliensis. Other characters of the holotype of E. groehnorum, i.e. body measurements and general aspects of coloration, are close to E. leopoliensis. In the previous publication on the subgenus Nestormeus, the prothorax structure has not been described, because the anterior part of the type specimen of E. leopoliensis is invisible in ventral view (Godunko 2004: 326, Fig. 2). Thus, the examination of the prothorax peculiarities in E. groehnorum sp. nov. may contribute to the diagnosis of this fossil subgenus, showing the presences of the prosternum without a transversal ridge (typical of Ecdyonurus s. l., see Kluge 2004). Type. Holotype: female imago in the Baltic amber (Eocene), with well preserved body, being well visible from ventral view, and partly from dorsal and lateral views. The holotype is housed in the collection of the Geological-Palaeontological Museum, University of Hamburg (Germany), S.G.P.I.H. no. 4451 (ex coll. Carsten Gröhn no. 76). Etymology. The new species is named in honor of Jutta and Carsten Gröhn with hearty gratitude for supporting my stay in Hamburg.Published as part of Godunko, Roman J., 2007, Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil subgenus Nestormeus Godunko, 2004 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurus) from the Baltic amber (Eocene), pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1661 on pages 63-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17994

Faunistical records of larvae of Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Plecoptera from the Zakarpats'ka Region, Ukraine

This paper provides data on 45 Ephemeroptera, 6 Odonata species and 8 Plecoptera taxa from the Zakarpats’ka Region, Ukraine. The species Baetis tracheatus, Rhithrogena beskidensis, Paraleptophlebia werneri and Brachyptera risi are recorded in the first time from Ukraine. The following species are new to Zakarpats’ka Region and Tysa River: Baetis tricolor, Procloeon pulchrum, Electrogena affinis. The pupae of Symbiocladius rhithrogenae (Zavr4el, 1924) (Diptera: Chironomidae) were found on a few specimens of R. beskidensis

Electrogena gibedede Godunko & Sroka, sp. nov.

<i>Electrogena gibedede</i> Godunko & Sroka, sp. nov. <p>Figures 1–34</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Male imago.</i> Size: body length 7.5–8.0 mm, forewing length 8.0–9.0 mm, cerci length 20.0–24.0 mm (approximately 2.5 times longer than body).</p> <p>Head brown with paler clypeal part; compound eyes divided grayish dorsally and black ventrally (Figs. 1, 17). No stripes or bands on head. Ocelli black. Antennae pale brownish.</p> <p>Prothorax brown dorsally, paler in central part; ventrally dark brown (Fig. 17). Meso- and metahorax brown dorsally with light yellowish smudges; ventrally dark brown. Thorax laterally pale, yellowish with brownish sclerites (Fig. 17).</p> <p>Legs slender, all pairs with 5–segmented tarsus with one sharp and one blunt claw. Forelegs generally darker than other legs. Forefemur proximally pale brown, with darker margins. Distinct dark brown transversal band approximately at 2/3 of femur length (Fig. 17). Distal part of forefemur brownish. Dark brown transversal band also at distal end of femora, at articulation with tibia. Foretibia brown, darker than femur. Tarsal segments I–IV brown, slightly paler than tibia. Last tarsal segment darker, brown. Tarsal claws brown. Middle and hind legs of same coloration as forelegs; femora pale brown, with darker brown spot situated approximately at 2/3 of femur length. Tibia and tarsi brownish, darker than femur.</p> <p> Wings hyaline, transparent, with easily visible brown venation. Costal and subcostal field slightly milky colored (mainly in pterostigmatic area). Pterostigma with several cross veins. Wings with typical of <i>Electrogena</i> venations.</p> <p>Abdominal tergites laterally brown with whitish pattern, consisting of pale triangles visible on laterocaudal portions of each tergite. Additionally, pairs of elongated pale spots situated dorsally on tergites, to side of central thin longitudinal pale line (Figs. 2, 3, 19). Sternites pale brownish, with very indistinct whitish pattern in central part, consisting of two oblique elongated spots situated frontally and two dots caudally. Distal part of sternite IX white. Neural ganglion visible in sternite VII.</p> <p>Cerci dark brown basally, towards distal end getting paler, with dark bands following individual articulations. Every second articulation more pronounced, accompanied by more distinct dark band than those between them. These differences are visible mainly in central part of cerci. All surface covered with dark hairs. Paracercus vestigial.</p> <p> <i>Genitalia</i>: Styliger plate with apparent rounded projections on posterior margin. Forceps brown, on the proximal portion darker. Surface of forceps with numerous tiny rounded projections on inner side (Fig. 4). Penis with contrasting brown pigmentation. Penis lobes somewhat squared basally with abrupt step at outer margin of basal parts of penis lobes. Lobes separated distally with wide interspace, U or V–shaped (Figs. 5, 6, 21, 22). On dorsal side of penis lobes 1–2 larger teeth situated near lateral margin, may be accompanied by 1–2 smaller teeth, reaching length of approximately 1/3 of larger ones (Fig. 6). Titillators with small teeth apically.</p> <p> <i>Female imago.</i> Size: body length 8–8.5 mm, forewing length 9–10.2 mm, cerci length 16–18 mm (approximately 2 times longer than body).</p> <p>Head brown, compound eyes and ocelli black (Fig. 18). Antennae brown, paler basally.</p> <p>Thorax dorsally and ventrally dark brown. Lateral portions yellowish. Legs more robust than in male imago. Femora and tibiae of similar coloration as in male imago. Tarsi uniformly dark brown. In some specimens middle and hind tarsi paler centrally (segments III and IV). Wings hyaline, transparent, with well visible brown venation. Costal and subcostal field slightly milky (mainly in pterostigmatic area).</p> <p>Color pattern of abdomen similar to those in male imago, slightly paler (Fig. 20). Neural ganglion visible on sternite VII. Subgenital plate widely rounded, reaching articulation of segment IX. Subanal plate distinctly bent.</p> <p>Cerci dark brown basally. Towards distal end getting paler, with dark bands following individual articulations. Every second articulation more pronounced, accompanied by more distinct dark band than those between them.</p> <p>These differences more distinct than in male imago and disappear only in distal third of cerci. All surface covered with dark hairs. Paracercus vestigial.</p> <p> <i>Male subimago</i> Size: body length 8 mm, forewing length 8–9 mm, cerci length unknown.</p> <p>Head and antennae dark brown.</p> <p>Prothorax brownish. Mesothorax dorsally pale yellowish (especially in central part), with dark brown areas frontally, caudally and laterally. Lateral portions of mesothorax between wing insertion and coxae pale yellowish, with occasional darker sclerites. Ventral side of thorax mainly uniformly brownish or yellowish brown.</p> <p>Forefemora brown, with darker margins and two darker transversal bands distally (at approximately 2/3 of the femur length and near articulation with tibia). Foretibiae uniformly brown, slightly darker at articulations. Tarsi 5– segmented, with one sharp and one blunt claw. Tarsal segments I–IV of the same color as tibia, segment V and claws darker. Middle and hind legs generally paler than forelegs. Middle femora yellowish brown, with brown patch at approximately 3/5 of femur length. Further area dark brown. Middle tibia of same color as middle femur, dark brown only at articulation with femur. Middle tarsus 5–segmented, with one sharp and one blunt claw. Tarsal segments brownish, most distal segment and claws darker. Hind legs of same arrangement and color pattern as middle ones. Wings dull brownish with dark brown venation. No patches of darker coloration. Hind margin with row of tiny hairs.</p> <p> Abdominal tergites I–X brown with two hooked, approximately <i>L</i> –shaped whitish spots situated laterally near the tergo-sternal suture. Longitudinal part of each <i>L</i> –shaped spot is pointing caudally. On tergites I, IX and X, these spots are not pronounced in some specimens. <i>L</i> –shaped spot may be accompanied at its caudal end by a single pale dot. Presence of further two longitudinally elongated whitish spots in central part of tergites IV–X. These spots situated near fore margin of each tergite. Central part of tergites I–III paler, thus elongated spots are not apparent. Sternites II–VIII yellowish brown with white pattern in central part, consisting of two oblique elongated spots situated frontally and two white dots caudally. Sternites IX and X brownish, sternite I whitish.</p> <p> <i>Genitalia</i>: Penis lobes yellowish, titillators dark brown. Otherwise penis lobes without any dark markings. Incision between penis lobes indistinct. Typical shape of penis (squared, with abrupt, almost square-angled step at outer margin of basal parts of penis lobes) already well apparent. Titillators with teeth. Penis lobes, styliger plate and forceps densely covered with short hairs. On surface of forceps tiny articulated spines also present.</p> <p>Cerci dark brown, covered with short hairs. Individual articulations of segments with dark bands.</p> <p> <i>Female subimago.</i> Size: body length 8 mm, forewing length 9.5–10 mm, cerci length 11 mm (approximately as long as body).</p> <p>Head and antennae dark brown.</p> <p>Dorsal side of prothorax brown, whitish posteromedially. Mesothorax of same color pattern as in male imago. Metathorax pale brown, darker at base of hind wings.</p> <p>Legs of same arrangement and color pattern as in male imago. Wings uniformly dull brownish with dark brown venation. No patches of darker coloration. Hind margin with row of tiny hairs.</p> <p>Abdominal color pattern same as in male subimago.</p> <p>Cerci dark brown, evenly covered with short hairs. Darker bands at individual articulations.</p> <p> <i>Mature larva.</i> Size: body length (slightly differs between males and females): in male 5.8–6.9 mm; cerci length 7.6–8.2 mm, paracercus length 8.6–9.0 mm; in female 7.0–8.0 mm, cerci length 10.0 mm, paracercus length 11.0 mm.</p> <p>Head brownish with apparent light pattern, consisting of two spots near fore margin approximately in front of lateral ocelli. Further two light spots elongated transversally, situated near antennal bases (Figs. 7, 15). Lateral margins of head light colored.</p> <p>Prothorax yellowish with dark brown pattern. Lateral margins whitish. Longitudinal pale line in middle, extending towards its ends. Dark smudges laterally from this line, interrupted by pale areas near fore and hind margins of prothorax. Meso- and metathorax yellowish with darker brown smudges (Fig. 15).</p> <p> Legs yellowish, with dark brown pattern. Femora with four distinct elongated dark spots dorsally; distal two spots partly fused near tibia insertion (Fig. 12). Tibiae uniformly yellowish, sometimes with dark smudge in central part. Tarsi brownish, indistinctly darker apically. Shape of bristles on dorsal surface of femora in <i>Electrogena gibedede</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs depending on leg pair and exact location of particular bristle on surface of respective femur. Bristles on forefemora unique among representatives of genus <i>Electrogena</i>, rounded and widened distally (Figs. 23, 24). Bristles of middle and hind femora more bluntly pointed or pointed, spine-like (Figs. 25, 26). Middle and hind tibiae with rows of hairs, approximately as long as tibia width. Hind tibiae with rows of hairs accompanied by short pointed bristles.</p> <p>Abdominal tergites with pronounced dark brown pattern and only several isolated spots of yellowish color. Each tergite with two light spots placed centrally and further two spots situated more posterolaterally, near hind margin of respective tergite. Moreover, another light smudge may appear posteromedially. This smudge may fuse with two light spots in central part of tergite and connect them together in some cases. Sometimes this light smudge extends even to further two posterolateral spots, forming band of lighter coloration along hind margin of tergite. Extension of posteromedial smudge is common mainly on tergites I–II, IV–V and VII–IX. Therefore tergites III, VI and X appears darker than rest of abdomen (tergite X sometimes even completely dark, without any lighter pattern) (Fig. 15). Isolated broad lighter areas present also laterally, near gill insertions. Abdominal sternites yellowish, well visible neural ganglion in segment VII; brown pattern of sternites mainly absent (Fig. 16). Posterior margin of tergites with the dense row of large spines pointed apically (Figs. 27, 28). Gills whitish with pale brownish tracheization; marginal areas transparent (Figs. 13, 14). Cerci yellow to yellowish-brown.</p> <p> A set of standard larval diagnostic characteristics for identification of <i>Electrogena</i> species is provided below. In the present study we provide states and values for 30 characteristics of <i>Electrogena gibedede</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> Several features treated in the present study had not previously been used for the genus <i>Electrogena</i>, but Haybach (1999) used them for the differentiation of some species of the genus <i>Ecdyonurus</i> Eaton, 1868 (<i>E. venosus</i> species-group). The set comprises namely four characteristics concerning setae on the maxillary palp (N_PLS, N_PLBas, N_VEN, N_LPH). Since the structure of the maxilla of the genus <i>Electrogena</i> is very similar to that of representatives of the <i>E. venosus</i> species-group, these characteristics are used for the genus <i>Electrogena</i> here as well. One new characteristic (S_1GI) is added to the series of the standard diagnostic characteristics. It describes the shape of the first gill plate, which is unique in some <i>Electrogena</i> species (see below).</p> <p>Quantitative characteristics were measured in 13 specimens. Most features states are compared with the related species (focusing mainly on the species from the closely situated geographical regions, e.g. Caucasus Mts., Crimean Peninsula and Anatolia) and respective differences are pointed out.</p> <p> Representatives of the genus <i>Electrogena</i> with known larvae, mostly recorded from the Caucasus Mts. and/or adjacent areas, which were taken for comparison in the list of the standard diagnostic features below, encompass the following species: <i>E. affinis</i> (Eaton, 1883), <i>E. antalyensis</i> (Braasch & Kazancı, 1986), <i>E. armeniaca</i> (Braasch, 1983), <i>E. azerbajdshanica</i> (Braasch, 1978), <i>E. braaschi</i> (Sowa, 1984), <i>E. galileae</i> (Demoulin, 1973), <i>E. kuraensis</i> (Braasch, 1978), <i>E. lateralis</i> (Curtis, 1834), <i>E. malickyi</i> (Braasch, 1983), <i>E. necatii</i> (Kazancı, 1987), <i>E. pseudaffinis</i> (Braasch, 1980), <i>E. squamata</i> (Braasch, 1978) and <i>E. zimmermanni</i> (Sowa, 1984).</p> <p> Due to the general lack of knowledge of the species of the genus <i>Electrogena</i> in the Caucasus Mts., ratio values of quantitative characteristics used in the present study for comparison with <i>Electrogena gibedede</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p> <p>were in some cases derived from the original drawings. Thus, they can be taken only as a pointer to the most pronounced differences. Moreover, the states of maxillae structure are unknown in most Caucasian species; since descriptions of the species do not often contain any specification of maxillae arrangement.</p> <p> Recent redescriptions of two species (<i>E. galileae</i> and <i>E. antalyensis</i>, see Belfiore & Sartori 1999 and Belfiore <i>et al.</i> 2000, respectively) are most useful for the comparative study.</p> <p>Mean, range and variance are presented for each quantitative characteristic.</p> <p> <i>Quantitative characteristics</i>:</p> <p>1. N_PLP – 15.07, 14–16, 0.46</p> <p> The number of hairs near the fore margin of the first segment of maxillary palp (Fig. 11). Non-overlaping range has <i>E. antalyensis</i> (0–6). Range overlaps with <i>E. galileae</i> (7–19) and <i>E. lateralis</i> (7–21). 2. N_PLH – 0, 0–0, 0</p> <p> Long hairs on the hind margin of the first segment of maxillary palp missing. Such long hairs present only in <i>E. affinis.</i></p> <p>3. N_OUT – 0, 0–0, 0</p> <p> Bristles on the outer margin of galea-lacinia are always missing. This characteristic is shared with <i>E. galileae</i> and <i>E. malickyi</i>. In other representatives of the genus bristles are present at least in some specimens (<i>E. affinis</i> 0–1; <i>E. lateralis</i> 0–10). In <i>E. antalyensis</i>, the number of bristles is particularly high (mean 6.5–24). 4. N_CBS – 14.23, 12–16, 1.10</p> <p> The number of comb-shaped bristles on the fore margin of galea-lacinia is low. <i>E. antalyensis</i> and <i>E. lateralis</i> have a slightly higher number of bristles (means 15.93 and 17.30, respectively). <i>E. galileae</i> is a non-overlapping species (19–21.5).</p> <p>5. N_TCB – 7.42, 7–8, 0.20</p> <p> The number of pointed teeth on the 5th comb-shaped bristle is low. <i>E. galileae</i> has a non-overlapping range (13–16). <i>E. antalyensis</i> has an overlapping range, but a generally higher number of teeth (10.34). <i>E. lateralis</i> has an overlapping range (7–13).</p> <p>6. N_CLW – 2, 2–2, 0</p> <p> The species always posses 2 teeth on the tarsal claws (Figs. 29, 30). This characteristic is shared by numerous <i>Electrogena</i> species, only <i>E. antalyensis</i> posses more teeth (4–9 in two rows). Some specimens of <i>E. galileae</i> have up to 4 teeth (2–4). Invariably one tooth is present in <i>E. lateralis</i> and <i>E. squamata</i>. 7. N_BVF – 30.08, 25–34, 8.076</p> <p> The number of bristles on the ventral side of femora near the hind margin is high. Other species with a high number of bristles is <i>E. galileae</i> (22.45). The maximum number of bristles shared by other species is 3. Bristles are short and pointed apically, which is a characteristic shared by all other species except for <i>E. galileae</i> with the bristles rounded apically.</p> <p>8. N_HFF – 0, 0–0, 0</p> <p> The number of long hairs (at least twice as long as neighboring bristles) on the fore margin of femora. <i>Electrogena galileae</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> has three very long hairs near the base of femora. <i>E. affinis</i> has 8–58 such hairs along the femoral margin.</p> <p> Four more meristic characteristics were measured for <i>Electrogena gibedede</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> The characteristics proved to be useful for the taxonomy of the related <i>E. venosus</i> species-group (Haybach 1999) and are proposed here for the genus <i>Electrogena</i> for the first time.</p> <p>9. N_PLS – 33.077, 25–41, 14.80</p> <p>The number of bristles on the hind margin of the first segment of the maxillary palp. 10. N_PLBas – 7.63, 6–11, 4.59</p> <p>The number of hairs at the base of the maxillary palp.</p> <p>11. N_VEN – 13.88, 10–19, 10.01</p> <p>The number of hairs on the ventral surface of galea-lacinia.</p> <p>12. N_LPH – 20.05, 17–24, 5.66</p> <p>The number of bristles on the hind margin of the first segment of the labial palp. Several of these bristles form a separate group at the distal part of the hind margin, near the articulation of the second segment. This group contains 2–7 bristles.</p> <p> <i>Qualitative characteristics</i>:</p> <p> 13. S_HLB – The tips of hypopharyngeal superlinguae are covered with hairs shorter than those on the fore margin of superlinguae (Fig. 8). Most of the hairs on the tips are no longer than 1/3 of the length of the fore hairs. However, several individual hairs approximately as long as 1/2 of the fore hairs may occur. This arrangement is unique and different from the species with very short hairs of the same length on the tips, in those cases not exceeding 1/4 of the fore hair length (<i>E. lateralis</i>, <i>E. galileae</i>), or from all other species with hairs of the same length as fore hairs situated on the superlingual tips.</p> <p> 14. S_GLO – The shape of glossae quadrangular, <i>Ecdyonurus</i> -like, in contrast to the subtriangular shape of glossae in <i>E. antalyensis</i> (Fig. 10). This characteristic is shared with all other <i>Electrogena</i> species.</p> <p> 15. S_PGL – The paraglossae are widely rounded laterally. In another Caucasian species <i>E. pseudaffinis</i> the lateral parts of paraglossae are almost straight, whereas in <i>E. galileae</i> they are somewhat pointed.</p> <p> 16. S_PNT – The hind corners of the pronotum are smoothly rounded, in contrast to the abrupt step present in related Caucasian species, especially in <i>E. squamata</i> or some specimens of <i>E. antalyensis</i>.</p> <p> 17. S_BFE – The bristles on the upper surface of forefemora are spatulate, extended towards the apex and rounded apically. This is a rare arrangement among the genus, shared only with <i>E. galileae</i>. Most <i>Electrogena</i> species posses long and pointed or bluntly pointed bristles of forefemora. Such an arrangement is typical for all other Caucasian species.</p> <p> 18. S_BFF – The bristles arranged in a row on the hind margin of femora are long, their length is approximately equal to 1/2 of the maximal femur width in all leg pairs. This characteristic state can be observed in almost all other <i>Electrogena</i> species. A different arrangement with very short bristles may be found in

Siphloplecton gattolliati Staniczek & Godunko, 2016, sp. nov.

Siphloplecton gattolliati sp. nov. Figures 12 A–F, 13 A–B Material. Holotype. Male imago in Baltic amber (Eocene), CCHH, BaB- 783. Well preserved specimen in translucent piece of amber, visible in dorsoventral aspect. Head (only ventrally) and thorax covered with “Verlumung”. Left hind leg and distal part of left forewing not preserved. Both hind wings partly twisted. For measurements see Table 6. Etymology. This species is named after Swiss ephemeropterist Jean-Luc Gattolliat, Lausanne, for his numerous contributions to the knowledge of Baetidae. Description. Coloration pale, yellow to yellowish-brown. Body and wings covered with numerous blackish spots of different size, which most probably is a result of fossilization, since similar spots are also present outside of the specimen (Fig. 12 A). Head yellowish-brown. Eyes large, unicolored, grayish-milk; ocelli well preserved, grayish-milk at the tip, light brown basally (Fig. 12 C). Thorax ventrally and lateral of wing bases with “Verlumung”. Pronotum not visible; mesonotum light brown; mesonotum slightly darker, light-brown to brown with unclear maculation. Lateroparapsidal suture well preserved, without any traces of pigmentation next to suture; mesonotal suture slightly bulged medially (Figs 12 C, 13 A); furcasternal protuberances of mesothorax contiguous (Fig. 12 E). Wings translucent, hyaline, not pigmented, with longitudinal and transversal venation well visible (Figs 12 A– B, D, 13 A). Pterostigmatic area translucent and not pigmented, pterostigma entirely with simple veins on right forewing, and only one forked vein on the preserved part of left forewing. Cubital field of forewings with two pairs of intercalary veins connected with CuA and CuP by a several transversal veins (Figs 12 B, 13 A). Hind wings with triads RS, MA and MP, approximately 0.40 x forewing length; costal process bluntly pointed (Fig. 12 D). Legs relatively well preserved. Forelegs slightly darker than middle and hind legs, light brown to brown. Foretibia without pointed setae, only with row of short filamentous well visible setae. Tarsi 5 -segmented; tarsal claws dissimilar with one hooked and one blunt claw. Measurements of leg segments in Table 6. *—preserved part Abdominal segments completely preserved, pale, yellow to light brown; sterna slightly paler, generally unicolorous yellow, with several blackish spots described above. Styliger plate angulate, mediocaudally shallowly incised; medially of forceps base with relatively small projections; medial projection is absent. Forceps 4 -segmented; left gonostylus significantly deformed in the process of fossilization. Basal segment of right forceps basally markedly narrower than adjoining apical part of styliger plate; basal segment conical, without hump on inner margin apically; segment 4 approximately 3.22 times longer than wide; length ratio of segment 3 to segment 4 approximately 1: 1. Penis shaft elongated; penis lobes rounded at tips, slightly expanding laterally; lobes medially contiguous almost at entire length, no deep, V-shaped cleft. Medial and lateral sclerites distinctly separated at the outer side (Figs 12 F, 13 B). Paracercus vestigial, 5 -segmented; cerci partly lost. Comments. Siphloplecton gattolliati sp. nov. is placed within the S. demoulini species group based on the shape of male genitalia: (1) styliger without deep mediocaudal incision; (2) penis shaft elongated, with apically rounded lobes, without deep medial cleft. Additional characters concern cubital field of forewings, and arrangement of outer margin of foretibia. The shape of penis lobes is very similar in both representatives of the demoulini species group. However, S. gattolliati sp. nov. can be clearly separated from the previously described S. demoulini by the lack of a medial projection of styliger plate and by the proportions of forceps segments (Figs 12 F, 13 B; Staniczek & Godunko 2012: 76, 77, figs 12 d, 13 c). Since the pterostigmata in the holotype of S. demoulini holotype are lost it is impossible to separate this species from others based on this character. However, in all other characters discussed above S. gattolliati sp. nov. clearly differs from all other fossil and Recent representatives of the genus Siphloplecton (see Berner 1978).Published as part of Staniczek, Arnold H. & Godunko, Roman J., 2016, Revision of fossil Metretopodidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) in Baltic amber — Part 3: Description of two new species of Siphloplecton Clemens, 1915, with notes on the re-discovered lectotype of Siphloplecton macrops (Pictet-Baraban & Hagen, 1856), pp. 1-24 in Zootaxa 4103 (1) on pages 20-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4103.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27114

Siphloplecton barabani Staniczek & Godunko 2012

Siphloplecton barabani Staniczek & Godunko, 2012 Figures 2 A–E, 3 A–B, 4 A–E, 5 2012 Siphloplecton barabani Staniczek & Godunko, 2012 — Paleodiversity: 65, figs 4 a −c, 5 a −d (synonymy, description, systematic position) For complete list of synonyms see Staniczek & Godunko 2012: 59, 65 Here we provide a complementary description of S. barabani based on previously undescribed material. Material. 1. Female imago in Baltic amber (Eocene), MNB, Nr. 268 (Figs 2, 3), specimen provided with 4 different labels that read as (“//” denotes line break): (i) Pseudoneuroptera III Ephemeridae (ii) MUSEUM FÜR NATURKUNDE BERLIN // Paläontologisches Museum // Slg.: Künow Inv. Nr.: // Nr. 268-294 // nur noch 9 Stück vorgefunden!“ (iii) Ephemeriden (iv) Siphloplecton cf. barabani ♀ imago Nr.: 268 Specimen in translucent amber, well visible from all sides (Fig. 2 A, B). Well preserved except of damaged left forewing with distal part lost. Right forewing bent at half-length and slightly twisted distally. Wings with some traces of irregular dark pigmentation as a result of fossilization (not to be confused with natural pigmentation of Siphloplecton wings known from Recent species). For measurements see Table 1. Material 2. Female imago in Baltic amber (Eocene), CCG, Nr. 2803 (Figs 4, 5). The specimen is well visible in dorsoventral aspect; except of “Verlumung” ventrally on mesothorax. Ventral side of body covered with superimposed crystallized resin influxes, and thus hardly visible. Wings and part of mesonotum artificially dirty brown colour due to mineralization; same irregular colourisation on legs and abdominal segments. Right forewing partly damaged; pterostigma not preserved. Left forewing complete, slightly bent in the middle. Hind wings well preserved. Left foreleg lost. For measurements see Table 2. Description. General colouration is dark, yellowish-brown to dark brown; dorsal side of body clearly darker than ventral side. Eyes large, medially well separated; distance between eyes 0.30−0.32 x of head width (in holotype of S. barabani — 0.28). Ocelli and antennae well preserved, pale, mainly same colour as body (Figs 2 C, D; 3 A, 4 D, 5). Lateral side of thorax intensively brown, darker than thoracic terga; thoracic sterna pale, light brown to brown; lateroparapsidal suture is relatively elongate; mesonotal suture medially slightly bulged; furcasternal protuberances of mesothorax contiguous (Figs 2 D, 3 A, 4 C, D; 5). Wings well preserved, hyaline, poorly transparent. Pterostigma with several anastomosed cross veins. No pigmentation around transversal veins visible. Cubital field with two pairs of intercalaries; additionally numerous anastomosed cross veins between iCu and CuA (see also Kluge 1996: 79, fig. 20). Hind wing length 0.40−0.42 x forewing length. Hind wings with triads RS, MA and MP; costal process bluntly pointed and small. Legs well preserved; light brown. For proportions of leg segments see Tables 1 and 2. All tarsi 5 -segmented; all tarsal claws dissimilar. First tarsomere of foreleg is the longest one, not fused with tibia; first tarsomere of middle leg longest, fused with tibia. Tibia of foreleg without any stout setae; tibia of middle leg with well preserved tibiopatellar suture. Abdominal segments well preserved; sterna slightly paler than terga. Subanal and subgenital plate as on Figures 2 E, 3 B, 4 E, 5. Subgenital plate wide, approximately 2.25−2.29 x wide as long, convex, rounded apically. Subanal plate not elongate, narrow, pointed at its tip (Figs 2 E, 3 B, 4 E, 5). Cerci almost completely preserved (MNB and CCG specimen); paracercus vestigial, 5 -segmented. Comments. S. barabani was described from two female imagines out of historical material housed in the MNB and MNSN (Staniczek & Godunko 2012). The holotype originally had been designated and described as allotype of S. macrops by Demoulin (1968). The paratype originally had been attributed by Demoulin (1970) to S. jaegeri. Both specimens were redescribed, depicted, and designated as S. barabani based on the shape of female genitalia (for details see Staniczek & Godunko 2012: 65). *—preserved part We attribute the two new specimens described herein also to S. barabani based on the shape and proportions of eyes, subgenital and subanal plates, and features of cubital field of forewings, namely the presence of several additional, anastomosed cross veins between iCu and CuA. The latter character resembles the condition in the Recent Metretopodid species Metreplecton macronyx Kluge, 1996. However, the placement of our specimens within the genus Siphloplecton can be justified by: (1) typical course of mesonatal and lateroparapsidal suture; (2) presence of two pairs of cubital intercalaries in the forewings; and the (3) presence of contiguous furcasternal protuberances of mesosternum (Figs 2 D, 3 A, 4 D, 5).Published as part of Staniczek, Arnold H. & Godunko, Roman J., 2016, Revision of fossil Metretopodidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) in Baltic amber — Part 3: Description of two new species of Siphloplecton Clemens, 1915, with notes on the re-discovered lectotype of Siphloplecton macrops (Pictet-Baraban & Hagen, 1856), pp. 1-24 in Zootaxa 4103 (1) on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4103.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27114