Progression and Evaluation of Financial Integration in the European Union

Established in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome, the European Union is now made up of 27 members and, as of 2009, accounted for about 30 percent of the gross world product. It began as a customs union between six countries, in an effort to rebuild and unite a war-torn Europe. Today it is an economic and monetary union with ambitions to become a political union. One of the key steps towards that level of unification is the free movement of capital across national borders. To that end the leaders of the EU have put large amounts of resources towards financially integrating the member states. This paper seeks to measure the level of financial integration of the long term government bond markets from 2002 to 2009. A market can be considered financially integrated if similar participants: first, follow a single set of rules when dealing with financial goods and services; second, have equal access to those goods and services; and third, are not discriminated against when they are participating in the market. Using the yields on the German bonds as a bench mark, yield spreads per quarter from 2002 to 2009 are calculated along with the variance of the yield spreads. The correlations between countries from 2002 to 2009 are also calculated to see how correlation changed over time. Countries that use the Euro were found to be the most integrated, followed by the countries with pegged currencies, and then the countries with free-floating currencies. Within each subsample, integration either increased or remained static from 2002 to 2006; after 2007, integration decreased

Experimental Evaluation of Flow Formability of Sheet Metals for Armament Applications

Flow forming is a promising process for the manufacture of certain critical armament components. This paper deals with the statistical design of an experiment carried out by the authors while flow forming different sheet metals employing various combinations of controlling variables in order to arrive at a functional relationship between flow formability (R/sub f/} and controlling variables. The relationship, established has been tested for its adequacy by proper analysis of variance (ANOVA). Response surface diagrams for a given R/sub f/ in the case of three specific materials are presented

Study of Carbon Materials and Effect of its Ball Milling, on Capacitance of Supercapacitor

AbstractThe various forms of energy are available in nature, however the electrical energy is the most convenient form of energy for any application. Due to this reason, day by day the demand of electrical energy is rapidly growing in this decade. There is always mismatch in time zone between availability of energy especially from renewable energy sources and demand. Thus, the storage of electrical energy is now becoming important. However, amount of electrical energy which can be stored is again a critical issue in many renewable energy systems. Supercapacitor can be a new technology for the storage of electrical energy. Supercapacitors are currently a prominent area of research for energy storage devices as they have high power density, long cycling time, and short charging time. Due to a short charging time feature of supercapacitor, in future it can have application in hybrid cars. Supercapacitor is similar to a regular capacitor in operation, however it offers a very high capacitance in a small package for achieving the requirement of power supplies. Capacitance, internal resistance, self discharge, ageing, pulse current, size, shape are some of the parameters in selection of supercapacitor in various applications. Capacitance value of capacitor is very important in energy storage system as amount of energy stored by capacitor is directly proportional to its capacitance value. The capacitance value of supercapacitor depends on types of carbon material and method of construction of supercapacitor. Various kinds of activated carbon materials are available with different pore size, pore density and specific surface area, are found more suitable to get higher values of capacitor. In this research work, the properties of various carbons are studied to select appropriate carbon material to construct the supercapacitor. Supercapacitor along with fuel cell can address many issues related to effective electrical energy storage and it can have number of applications in future. This research work also presents the effect of ball milling of an electrode material on the value of capacitance of an aqueous metal oxide based supercapacitor

Recurrent Painless Haematuria in a Well Child—A Case Report

\ua9 Association of Surgeons of India 2024.We report a case of appendico-vesical fistula (AVF) in a 12-year-old boy presenting with a 2-month history of solely recurrent painless macroscopic haematuria. Ultrasound and MRI scans were suggestive of an urachus remnant with a calculus in the bladder dome. Cystoscopy showed a bladder diverticulum with mucosal inflammation. Open laparotomy eventually revealed the AVF, as a complication of a clinically ‘silent’ acute appendicitis. AVF is a rare complication of acute appendicitis. A literature review identified 17 further paediatric cases. Whilst faecaluria and pneumaturia are pathognomonic for AVF, these were present in only 24% of patients. Most patients presented with recurrent urinary tract infections or urinary symptoms, and most had a history of abdominal pain and vomiting. Imaging studies and cystoscopy were often inconclusive, and most diagnoses were made at surgery. A high index of clinical suspicion helps to guide diagnosis and treatment

A Computational Analysis of ECC Based Novel Authentication Scheme in VANET

A recent development in the adhoc network is a vehicular network called VANET (Vehicular Adhoc Network). Intelligent Transportation System is the Intelligent application of VANET. Due to open nature of VANET attacker can launch various kind of attack. As VANET messages are deal with very crucial information’s which may save the life of passengers by avoiding accidents, save the time of people on a trip, exchange of secret information etc., because of this security is must be in the VANET. To ensure the highest level of security the network should be free from attackers, there by all information pass among nodes in the network must be reliable i.e. should be originated by an authenticated node. Authentication is the first line of security in VANET; it avoids nonregistered vehicle in the network. Previous research come up with some Cryptographic, Trust based, Id based, Group signature based authentication schemes. A speed of authentication and privacy preservation is important parameters in VANET authentication. This paper addresses the computational analysis of authentication schemes based on ECC. We started analysis from comparing plain ECC with our proposed AECC (Adaptive Elliptic Curve Cryptography) and EECC (Enhanced Elliptic Curve Cryptography). The result of analysis shows proposed schemes improve speed and security of authentication. In AECC key size is adaptive i.e. different sizes of keys are generated during key generation phase. Three ranges are specified for key sizes small, large and medium. In EECC we added an extra parameter during transmission of information from the vehicle to RSU for key generation. Schemes of authentications are evaluated by comparative analysis of time required for authentication and key breaking possibilities of keys used in authentication

Petri Net Based Model for Protocol Damage Detection and Protection

In this thesis we investigate the vulnerabilities present in protocols and the damage that can arise if these vulnerabilities are exploited by a malicious node. In particular, we model protocols using Petri nets. Petri nets allow us to simulate the protocols and reason about them. Attacks are also modeled using Petri nets. We develop a tool to correlate the protocol Petri net and the attack Petri net to identify the worst vulnerability in the protocol and a payoff function is applied to measure the potential damage. Once the weak link in the protocol is identified, we propose approaches to reduce or eliminate the identified vulnerability. The modified protocol is also modeled as a Petri net.Computer Science Departmen

Repair of oesophageal atresia with tracheooesophageal fistula associated with dextrocardia through right-sided thoracotomy approach

Right thoracotomy for oesophageal atresia (OA) with dextrocardia is technically challenging due to the heart being in the operative field, and also due to the possibility of right-sided aortic arch. We report a neonate with longgap OA with tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF), dextrocardia, and left-sided aortic arch who was successfully operated by using right thoracotomy. On the basis of our review of the literature and our experience from this case, we found that conventional right thoracotomy is appropriate for OA+ TOF associated with dextrocardia and left aortic arch, and left thoracotomy in dextrocardia and right aortic arch.Keywords: dextrocardia, oesophageal atresia, right thoracotomy, tracheo esophageal fistul

Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Omeprazole in Pharmaceutical Preparations

Purpose: To develop a simple, rapid and selective method for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of omeprazole using acidic dyes. Methods: Extractive spectrophotometric determination of omeprazole was developed using acidic dyes - bromophenol blue and orange G - as ion-pairing agents in aqueous medium (pH 7.0 and 6.0, respectively). The ion pair chromogen formed, which was extracted with chloroform, was measured quantitatively at 408 nm and 508 nm, respectively. The developed method was used to analyse commercial omeprazole tablets.Results: Using bromophenol blue and orange G dyes, the ion-paired formed obeyed Beer’s law in the ranges 5 - 30 μg/ml and 50 - 250 μg/ml at 408nm and 503nm, respectively, with molar absorptivities of1.712 × 103 L mol-1 cm-1 and 2.095 × 103 L mol-1 cm-1, respectively, for omeprazole,. The purity of omeprazole obtained was 98.1±0.9 and 99.7±0.3, respectively. Standard deviation (S.D.), % relativestandard deviation (% R.S.D.) and standard error were 0.001 - 0.013, 0.94 - 1.07 % and 4 × 10-4, respectively. The complexes formed were stable for approx. 3 h. Conclusion: Recovery studies gave satisfactory results indicating that none of the major additives/excipients interferred with the assay method. Therefore, a simple, rapid and selective methodwas developed for extractive spectrophotometric determination of omeprazole. This method may be useful for routine laboratory analysis of omeprazole