52 research outputs found

    ReningsförmÄga vid olika metoder för dagvattenhantering

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    Flera olika tekniker för att omhÀnderta urbana ytors dagvatten har utvecklats under senare tid och implementerats i Sverige i större eller mindre omfattning. I detta Movium Fakta sammanfattas en litteraturstudie, initierad av branschföreningen Svenskt Vatten, för att belysa olika dagvattenteknikers reningsförmÄga

    Biofiltration technologies for stormwater quality treatment

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    Due to high runoff volumes and peak flows, and significant contamination with (inter alia) sediment, metals, nutrients, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and salt, urban stormwater is a major cause of degradation of urban water ways. Since current urban drainage systems, which heavily rely on piped sewer networks, may not be sustainable, attempts are being made to develop and refine sustainable urban drainage solutions, notably in Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) and Low Impact Development (LID) concepts. Promising systems recommended for application in both WSUD and LID are stormwater biofilters (also known as bioretention systems or rain gardens) using vegetated filter media. Besides their capacity to attenuate flows and minimise runoff volumes, stormwater biofilters have proven efficacy for enhancing effluent water quality. Furthermore, they can be aesthetically pleasingly integrated even in dense urban environments. However, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the variability of biofilters' pollutant removal performance, and the factors that affect their performance.In the studies this thesis is based upon, the effects of various ambient factors, stormwater characteristics and modifications of filter design on the removal of metals, nutrients and total suspended solids (TSS) in biofilters, and pollutant pathways through them, have been investigated. For these purposes, standard biofilters and variants equipped with a submerged zone, a carbon source and different filter materials were exposed to varying temperatures and dry periods, dosed with stormwater and snowmelt, and the inflow and outflow concentrations of the pollutants were measured.Although removal percentages were consistently high (>70%), demonstrating that biofilters can reliably treat stormwater, the results show that metal outflow concentrations may vary widely depending on the biofilter design and the ambient conditions. Prolonged drying especially impaired their removal efficiency, but variations in temperature and filter media variations had little effect on metal removal rates. The adverse effects of drying could be mitigated by using a submerged zone, and thus providing a more constant moisture regime in the filters between storm events. Combined with embedded organic matter, the submerged zone especially significantly enhances Cu removal, helping to meet outflow target concentrations. Similarly, installing a mulch layer on top of the filter provides additional sorption capacity, hence metals do not ingress far into the filter and are mainly trapped on/in the top layer by sorption processes and/or mechanical trapping associated with TSS. This leads to significant metal accumulation, which facilitates biofilter maintenance since scraping off the top layer removes high proportions of previously accumulated metals, thus delaying the need to replace the whole filter media. However, removal of accumulated pollutants from the filter media is crucial for successful long-term performance of the filters to ensure that no pollutant breakthrough occurs.Nitrogen removal was found to be more variable than metal removal, and to be adversely affected by temperature increases, leading to high nitrogen leaching in warm temperatures. Phosphorus removal rates were consistently high, since most phosphorus was particle-bound and thus trapped together with TSS. However, in initial stages phosphorus was washed out from the filter media, indicating that filter media that do not have high levels of labile phosphorus should be used to avoid high effluent concentrations. Given that most outflow concentrations were far lower than those in the stormwater, biofilters are appropriate stormwater treatment systems. Dependent on the ambient conditions, the target pollutants and the sensitivity of the recipient, adaptation of the filter design is recommended. Further work is required to investigate the winter performance and improve the reliability of nitrogen removal, which is highly variable.Dagvatten är en viktig orsak till ekologiska försämringar av urbana vattendrag p.g.a. stora avrinningsvolymer, och höga flöden samt en tillförsel av diverse föroreningar, t.ex. sediment, tungmetaller, näringsämnen, polycykliska aromatiska kolväten och salt. Dagvattenhanteringen har länge varit fokuserad enbart på att leda bort vattnet i rörledningar utan att hänsyn har tagits till retention av stora flöden eller till vattenkvalitén. På grund av dessa problem har utvecklingen av uthålliga dagvattensystem blivit allt viktigare och koncept som Lokalt Omhändertagande av Dagvatten (LOD), Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) och Low Impact Development (LID) har utvecklats. En uthållig lösning inom dessa koncept är dagvattenbiofiltrering.Dagvattenbiofilter Ă€r infiltrationsbĂ€ddar med vĂ€xter dĂ€r dagvattnet infiltrerar och renas av vĂ€xterna och filtermaterialet. De har en god förmĂ„ga att fördröja stora flöden samt att reducera föroreningar i dagvattnet innan det slĂ€pps ut till recipienten. Dessutom Ă€r det en estetisk och naturnĂ€ra teknik som mycket vĂ€l kan integreras arkitektoniskt i bĂ„de nya och befintliga stadsmiljöer. Dock saknas det fortfarande mycket kunskap om de processer som styr reningsförmĂ„gan samt hur de pĂ„verkas av varierande omgivningsförhĂ„llanden. I denna avhandling har dĂ€rför effekterna av olika omgivningsfaktorer, dagvattenegenskaper och design av biofilter pĂ„ reningen av metaller, nĂ€ringsĂ€mnen och sediment undersökts. För att undersöka detta har biofilter, som delvis försetts med olika filtermaterial eller en vattenmĂ€ttad zon, till dels kombinerad med en kolkĂ€lla, och utsatts för olika temperaturer och torra perioder. Biofiltren har bevattnats med dagvatten eller smĂ€ltvatten. Prover har tagits pĂ„ ingĂ„ende och utgĂ„ende vatten och föroreningskoncentrationerna har analyserats. Trots att reduktionsförmĂ„gan av metaller var hög (>70%), vilket bekrĂ€ftar att biofiltren har förmĂ„gan att effektivt rena dagvattnet, visar resultaten att de utgĂ„ende metallkoncentrationerna kan variera mycket beroende pĂ„ utformningen av biofilter och varierande omgivningsfaktorer. Torra perioder som Ă€r lĂ€ngre Ă€n 3 till 4 veckor minskar metallavskiljningen i biofilter, medan vĂ€xlande temperaturer och olika filtermaterial hade mindre betydelse för metallreningen. Dock kan en vattenmĂ€ttad zon i filtermaterialet minimera (Cu och Zn) eller till och med avlĂ€gsna (Pb) den negativa effekten av torka med avseende pĂ„ reningsförmĂ„gan. I kombination med en kolkĂ€lla kan en vattenmĂ€ttad zon öka reningseffekten för framför allt Cu (som inte Ă€r lika bra i standardutförande av biofilter) pĂ„ grund av en ökad komplexbildning och partikulĂ€rt organiskt material. Sediment, metaller och partikelbundna dagvattenföroreningar hĂ„lls tillbaka redan i det översta filterlagret vilket leder till en hög metallackumulation. Detta underlĂ€ttar filterunderhĂ„llet: genom att skrapa och ersĂ€tta bara det översta jordlagret kan en hög andel ackumulerade föroreningar tas bort frĂ„n filtret. SĂ„ledes kan utbyte av det hela filtermaterialet fördröjas.KvĂ€vereningen var inte lika effektiv som metallreningen. I varma temperaturer (20°C) har kvĂ€veutlakning i stĂ€llet for reduktion observerats. Fosforreningen var dock hög eftersom fosfor var mestadels partikelbunden och blev dĂ€rför filtrerat tillsammans med sedimentet i det översta filterlagret. I början av biofilterdriften har dock fosforurlakning frĂ„n filtermaterialet observerats vilket tyder pĂ„ att det inte ska innehĂ„ller höga halter av fosfor för att undvika utlakning frĂ„n filtret. Eftersom de flesta föroreningskoncentrationer i det utgĂ„ende vattnet var betydligt lĂ€gre Ă€n i dagvattnet Ă€r biofilter en uthĂ„llig och tillförlitlig teknik för dagvattenrening. Beroende pĂ„ olika omgivningsfaktorer samt de ekologiska förhĂ„llandena i recipienten rekommenderas dock anpassning av filterdesignen. Framtida forskning behövs för att undersöka biofiltrens reningsförmĂ„ga under vinterförhĂ„llanden och för att förbĂ€ttra den varierande kvĂ€vereningen.GodkĂ€nd; 2010; 20100812 (godble); DISPUTATION ÄmnesomrĂ„de: VA-teknik/Sanitary Engineering Opponent: Professor Jean-Luc Bertrand-Krajewski, INSA de Lyon, Frankrike Ordförande: Professor Maria Wiklander, LuleĂ„ tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 8 oktober 2010, kl 10.00 Plats: F1031, LuleĂ„ tekniska universite

    Plant cover and species compositions on subarctic green roofs

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    Thisstudy looked at the plant cover and species composition of green roofs in a subarctic climate. The study’s aim was to evaluate the cover of plants and moss on green roofs in northern Sweden. Data was gathered from a field survey in summer 2016 andevaluatedroof sections located on buildings in three different towns located on a latitudinal gradient.Apart from plant cover substrate depth, slope andexposure was recorded. The results showed that the average vascular plant cover was low in the two northern locations (32% and 27%) while in the southernmost location it was high (>85%)

    Dataset frÄn en dagvattenreningsanlÀggning med flera reningssteg vid E4, Sundsvall: försedimentering och biofilter/sandfilter

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    The data were collected from a stormwater treatment train facility in Sundsvall, Sweden. The facility consists of a gross pollutant trap (GPT) followed by three parallel biofilter cells: a vegetated, chalk-amended biofilter (BFC or F1), a non-vegetated sand filter (SF or F2), and a vegetated biofilter (BF or F3). One of the objectives of our research project was to assess and monitor stormwater quality received from a major road catchment (incl. E4 highway bridge in Sundsvall) and also evaluate the performance of the various sections of the treatment train in removing organic micropollutants from the stormwater. The file named "StormwaterRunoffQualityData_SND.csv" contains event mean concentration (EMC) data on stormwater samples collected from 8 rain events (coded by A to H) in one year between September 2020 and September 2021. The samples have been analyzed for organic micropollutants and global water quality parameters (42 parameters in total). EMCs have been mathematically generated by a Monte-Carlo simulation from measured concentrations in sub-samples collected during each event. The data elaborate on the generated distribution for each EMC with Q2.5, Q50, and Q97.5 percentiles and standard deviation from the mean. Besides, the number of detected and non-detected (censored) data of sub-samples are mentioned. The list of all pollutants and their abbreviations are included in the documentation file named "StormwaterRunoffQualityData_SND.docx". Stormwater flow data are also presented in the file "VolumeData_Stormwater_SND.csv". The file named "TreatmentTrainQualityData_SND.csv" presents event mean concentration (EMC) data not only for the stormwater runoff quality but also for the treated stormwater in the GPT-biofilter/sand filter treatment train downstream of the catchment. In addition to the untreated stormwater runoff as the system's inflow (SW), EMCs have been presented for 4 more sampling points: GPT outflow (GPT), vegetated, chalk-amended biofilter outflow (BFC), non-vegetated sand filter (SF), and vegetated biofilter outflow (BF). For this part of the research, a total of 11 rain events (coded by A to K) were covered from Sep. 2020 until Sep. 2021. The samples have been analyzed for organic micropollutants and other conventional water quality parameters (42 parameters in total). EMCs have been mathematically generated by a Monte-Carlo simulation from measured concentrations in sub-samples collected during each event. The data present a distribution for each EMC with Q2.5, Q50, and Q97.5 percentiles and standard deviation from the mean. The number of detected and non-detected (censored) data of sub-samples is also mentioned. The list of all pollutants and their abbreviations are included in the documentation file named "TreatmentTrainQualityData_SND.docx". Flow data are also presented in the file "VolumeData_Treatment train_SND.csv".Uppgifterna samlades in frĂ„n en reningsanlĂ€ggning med flera reningssteg för dagvatten i Sundsvall, Sverige. AnlĂ€ggningen bestĂ„r av en grov föroreningsfĂ€lla (GPT) följd av tre parallella biofilterceller: ett vegeterat, kritomvandlat biofilter (BFC eller F1), ett icke-vegeterat sandfilter (SF eller F2) och ett vegeterat biofilter (BF eller F3). Ett av syftena med vĂ„rt forskningsprojekt var att bedöma och övervaka dagvattenkvaliteten frĂ„n ett större vĂ€gavrinningsomrĂ„de (inkl. motorvĂ€gsbro E4 i Sundsvall) och Ă€ven utvĂ€rdera hur de olika sektionerna av reningsanlĂ€ggningen presterar nĂ€r det gĂ€ller att ta bort organiska mikroföroreningar frĂ„n dagvattnet. Filen med namnet "StormwaterRunoffQualityData_SND.csv" innehĂ„ller data för hĂ€ndelsemedelkoncentration (EMC) pĂ„ dagvattenprover som samlats in frĂ„n 8 regnhĂ€ndelser (kodade av A till H) under ett Ă„r mellan september 2020 och september 2021. Proverna har analyserats för organiska mikroföroreningar och globala vattenkvalitetsparametrar (42 parametrar totalt). EMC:er har matematiskt genererats av en Monte-Carlo-simulering frĂ„n uppmĂ€tta koncentrationer i delprover som samlats in under varje hĂ€ndelse. Datan utvecklar den genererade fördelningen för varje EMC med Q2.5, Q50 och Q97.5 percentiler och standardavvikelse frĂ„n medelvĂ€rdet. Dessutom nĂ€mns antalet upptĂ€ckta och icke-upptĂ€ckta (censurerade) data för delprover. En lista med alla olika föroreningar och deras förkortningar finns inkluderade i dokumentationsfilen ”StormwaterRunoffQualityData_SND.docx”. I filen med namnet "TreatmentTrainQualityData_SND.csv" presenteras inte bara hĂ€ndelsemedelkoncentrationen (EMC) för dagvattenavrinningens kvalitet, utan ocksĂ„ för det behandlade dagvattnet i reningssystemet nedströms frĂ„n avrinningsomrĂ„det, vilket inkluderar en försedimenteringsanlĂ€ggning (GPT) och ett sandfilter. Förutom att dagvattenavrinningen utgör systemets inflöde (SW), har hĂ€ndelsemedelkoncentrationen (EMC) frĂ„n fyra andra provtagningspunkter ocksĂ„ presenterats: försedimenteringsanlĂ€ggningens utflöde (GPT), vĂ€xtbevuxet, kritomvandlat biofilterutflöde (BFC), icke-vĂ€xtbevuxet sandfilter (SF) och vĂ€xtbevuxet biofilterutflöde (BF). Den hĂ€r delen av undersökningen tĂ€cker in 11 regnhĂ€ndelser (kodade A till K) under perioden sep 2020 och sep 2021. Proverna har analyserats för organiska mikroföroreningar och globala vattenkvalitetsparametrar (42 parametrar totalt). EMC:er har matematiskt genererats av en Monte-Carlo-simulering frĂ„n uppmĂ€tta koncentrationer i delprover som samlats in under varje hĂ€ndelse. Datan utvecklar den genererade fördelningen för varje EMC med Q2.5, Q50 och Q97.5 percentiler och standardavvikelse frĂ„n medelvĂ€rdet. Dessutom nĂ€mns antalet upptĂ€ckta och icke-upptĂ€ckta (censurerade) data för delprover. En lista med alla olika föroreningar och deras förkortningar finns inkluderade i dokumentationsfilen ” TreatmentTrainQualityData_SND.docx”

    Occurrence and concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in highway stormwater: A comparative field study in Sweden

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    This study details the occurrence and concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in stormwater collected from a highway bridge catchment in Sweden. The prioritized OMPs were bisphenol-A (BPA), eight alkylphenols, sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and four fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), along with other global parameters, namely, total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, and conductivity (EC). A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was applied to estimate the event mean concentrations (EMC) of OMPs based on intra-event subsamples during eight rain events, and analyze the associated uncertainties. Assessing the occurrence of all OMPs in the catchment and comparing the EMC values with corresponding environmental quality standards (EQSs) revealed that BPA, octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP), five carcinogenic and four non-carcinogenic PAHs, and C16-C40 fractions of PHCs can be problematic for freshwater. On the other hand, alkylphenol ethoxylates (OPnEO and NPnEO), six low molecule weight PAHs, and lighter fractions of PHCs (C10-C16) do not occur at levels that are expected to pose an environmental risk. Our data analysis revealed that turbidity has a strong correlation with PAHs, PHCs, and TSS; and TOC and EC highly associated with BPA concentrations. Furthermore, the EMC error analysis showed that high uncertainty in OMP data can influence the final interpretation of EMC values. As such, some of the challenges that were experienced in the presented research yielded suggestions for future monitoring programs to obtain more reliable data acquisition and analysis

    Metal uptake in three different plant species used for cold climate biofilter systems

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    Stormwater biofilters have been developed without consideration of their cold climate design and performance. Vegetation has been shown to play an important role in biofilter effectiveness. Due to the effect of winter conditions on plants (no/reduced growth, high salinity from road salt), winter-related factors affecting biofilter vegetation, and especially the selection of vegetation for cold climate biofilter systems, need further investigation. The impacts of temperature, salt and the presence of a submerged zone on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn uptake in three native wet/drought tolerant plant types, Juncus conglomeratus, Phalaris arundinacea and Carex panacea, were thus examined in 24 biofilter mesocosms under controlled laboratory conditions. The shoots of all three plant species accumulated higher metal concentrations than the roots. Generally, a higher metal uptake was observed under cold conditions. No significant difference in metal uptake was found between different biofilter combinations, indicating that these three plant species were not particularly affected by different temperatures and/or the presence/absence of salt and a submerged zone. The results of this study indicate the potential to use the investigated plant species for targeted cold climate biofilter design.GodkÀnd; 2014; 20141006 (laisoe)</p
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