From Dual Connections to Almost Contact Structures

A dualistic structure on a smooth Riemaniann manifold $M$ is a triple $(M,g,\nabla)$ with $g$ a Riemaniann metric and $\nabla$ an affine connection, generally assumed to be torsionless. From $g$ and $\nabla$, the dual connection $\nabla^*$ can be defined and the triple $(M, \nabla,\nabla^*)$ is called a statistical manifold, a basic object in information geometry. In this work, we give conditions based on this notion for a manifold to admit an almost contact structure and some related structures: almost contact metric,contact, contact metric, cosymplectic, and coK\"ahler in the three-dimensional case.Comment: 22 page

Evaluation de la pollution par les métaux lourds des sols et de la variété locale du maïs Zea mays dans la zone de traitement des phosphates de Kpémé (Sud du Togo)

Au Togo, le minerai de phosphate extrait à Hahotoé-Kpogamé et traité à Kpémé par l’usine SNPT libère des métaux lourds qui polluent l’environnement. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer la pollution par les métaux lourds des sols et des produits agricoles (maïs) dans quatre localités situées autour de l’usine (Aglomé, Kpémé, Goumoukopé, Séouatchikopé) et dans une localité éloignée (Gbodjomé), choisie comme référence. Au total, 50 échantillons de sols et 50 échantillons de maïs ont été minéralisés par attaque aux acides et les métaux lourds dosés par spectrophotométrie d’absorption atomique. Les teneurs moyennes des différents métaux lourds analysés exprimées en ppm (mg/kg) des sols et de la variété locale du maïs Zea mays des différentes localités ont été déterminées. Les facteurs de pollution par comparaison aux normes des différents métaux lourds analysés des sols et de la variété locale du maïs des différentes localités ont été calculés. De façon générale, l’ordre décroissant de la pollution est le suivant : au niveau des localités : Aglomé > Kpémé > Goumoukopé > Séouatchikopé > Gbodjomé au niveau des sols : Cadmium > Nickel > Cuivre > Plomb au niveau du maïs : Nickel > Cadmium > Cuivre > Plomb.Mots clés : usine de phosphate, facteur de pollution, métaux lourds

Effects of pollution on oxidative stress in aquatic species: case of the fish Sarotherodon melanotheron in Bè Lagoon (Lomé)

This study aimed to assess heavy metals accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in the fish Sarotherodon melanotheron from a site receiving discharges from industrial and harbor activities (Bè Lagoon) and a reference or control site in Lake Togo, Togo. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) targeting four heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper and nickel) in the waters of Bè Lagoon showed levels of about 2.58 ± 0.11 μg/l, 1.03 ± 0.15 μg/l, 1.71 ± 0.17 μg/l and 3.03 ± 0.07 μg/l respectively for Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu. In water of the control site, only Cu and Ni were detected at lower levels: 1.54 ± 0.22 μg/l for Ni and 0.89 ± 0.18 μg/l for Cu. Furthermore, in tissues (liver, muscle and gills) of the fish, the heavy metal contents are found in larger samples of the Bè Lagoon. Among the biological parameters (oxidative stress biomarkers), the catalase activity (P < 0.0001 in liver and P < 0.005 in gill) was found to be significantly higher in the fish collected from Bè lagoon when compared with control site. These changes in biomarkers response at the subcellular level therefore indicate an impact on the biology of the fishes living in Bè lagoon.Keywords: Bè lagoon, catalase activity, Lake Togo, MDA, pollution

Evaluation de la Vulnérabilité des Nappes Phréatiques à la Pollution engendrée par la Mauvaise Gestion des boues de Vidange dans la Ville d’Aného au Togo

L’étude menée présente l’état actuel de la vulnérabilité des nappes libres (la nappe du sable du cordon littoral et la nappe du continental terminal) de la ville d’Aného au Togo. Elle s’est basée sur la méthode dite « DRASTIC ». Les résultats ont permis de distinguer deux classes de vulnérabilité pour l’aquifère du continental terminal et de deux classes pour celui du sable du cordon littoral. Les degrés de vulnérabilité obtenue vont de « moyen » à « très élevés » et de « élevés » à « très élevés » pour l’aquifère du continental terminal d’après les classifications d’ALLER et de ENGEL. Ces degrés vont de « élevés » à « très élevés » pour l’aquifère du sable du cordon littoral d’après les classifications d’ALLER et de ENGEL. Afin de confronter les résultats d’évaluation de vulnérabilité, plusieurs sondages et mesures de terrains ont été réalisés. Ainsi, il apparait que les cartes de vulnérabilité obtenues sont valides dans la mesure où, sur le terrain, il existe des facteurs anthropiques qui rendent d’avantage les aquifères plus vulnérables. L’observation de l’environnement immédiat des puits a permis de constater que les puits présents à Aného sont traditionnels, non protégés et vétustes pour la plupart. Les ouvrages d’assainissement (fosses septiques, toilettes à chasse manuelles et puisards à fond perdu) sont à proximité des puits ce qui augmente le risque de pollution. L’eau des nappes et celle de la lagune ont été analysées et les germes indicateurs de contaminations fécales et les principaux polluants physico-chimiques ont été déterminés. Du point de vue bactériologique, les résultats ont montré que tous les échantillons ne sont pas satisfaisants par rapport aux germes recherchés. Un indice de contamination fécale a été calculé, il a permis de constater que les eaux étudiées son fortement polluées. Les résultats d’analyse physico-chimiques ont indiqué une pollution en nitrates, sulfates et en chlorures dans les eaux. This paper focuses on the current status of the vulnerability of the unconfined aquifers (the coastal sand aquifer and the terminal continental aquifer) of the city of Aného in Togo. It was carried out based on the "drastic" method. The results helped to distinguish between the two classes of vulnerability for the terminal continental aquifer and the two classes for the coastal sand aquifer. The degrees of vulnerability obtained range from "medium" to "very high" and from "high" to "very high" for the terminal continental aquifer according to the classification of Aller and Engel. These degrees also ranged from "high" to "very high" for the barrier sand aquifer according to the Aller and Engel classifications. In order to compare the results of the vulnerability assessment, several boreholes and field measurements were carried out. Thus, it appears that the vulnerability maps obtained are valid insofar as, in the field, there are anthropic factors that make the aquifers more vulnerable. Observation of the immediate environment of the wells revealed that the wells in Aného are traditional, unprotected, and mostly obsolete. Sanitation facilities (septic tanks, manual flush toilets and cesspools) are located near the wells, which increases the risk of pollution. Groundwater and lagoon water were analyzed and the indicator germs of fecal contamination and the main physico-chemical pollutants were determined. From a bacteriological point of view, the results show that all the samples were not satisfactory with respect to the germs sought. An index of fecal contamination was calculated, indicating that the studied waters are strongly polluted. The results of physico-chemical analysis also show pollution in nitrate, sulphates, and chloride in the waters

PLAIE ACCIDENTELLE DE L’ARTERE RADIALE LORS DE L’ABORD ANTERIEUR DE L’AVANTBRAS : INTERET DU NON USAGE DU GARROT

Authors report one case of radial artery accidental wound in a 37 years old man who has presented malunion at the one third middle of the two forearm bones during radial focal abord by Henry way. The external bord of flexor carpi radialis muscle was not easy to identify because of anatomics connections modifications by malunion itself and amyotrophy. The garrot was not used at the beginning. A longitudinal wound of about one half centimeter of radial artery occurred and was repaired by classic way. Postoperative affects were simples. The tourniquet non use permit to recognize immediately the complication and to treat it quickly

Influence of Moringa oleifera leaves on atherogenic lipids and glycaemia evolution in HIV-infected and uninfected malnourished patients

Objectives: The study evaluated mineral composition of “Togolese ecotype” of Moringa oleifera leaves and its effect on anthropometric parameters, atherogenic lipids and glycaemia during nutritional recovery in HIV negative and HIV positive malnourished patients after daily use of the leaves powder. Methodology and results: Patients aged from 12 months to 8 years, consumed every day for 15 weeks the leaves powder. Results showed that powder is rich in proteins, micronutrients and induced BMI increase in both patients (p C 0.001). Biochemical parameters determination showed decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol (p C 0.01), atherogenicity index (AI) correlated with HDL-cholesterol increase (p C 0.001) in HIV negative. Increase in triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, AI (p C 0.001) correlated with HDLcholesterol decrease (p C 0.001) is observed in HIV positive. Total cholesterol decreased more in HIV positive asymptomatic and increased in patients treated with ARV drugs (p C 0.0001). Glycaemia level is decreased in both patients of the study. Conclusion and application of findings: This study confirms higher concentrations of proteins, micronutrients, hypolipidemic potential and hypocholesterolemic activity of M. oleifera leaves. This explained nutritional recovery and reduction of atherogenic lipids. Positive effect of the powder on cholesterol metabolism is due to beta-sitosterol, bioactive phytoconstituent of the leaves which fixed LDL particles and thought to be through the lowering significantly of their plasma concentrations. Reduction of glycaemia in both patients confirms also hypoglycemic properties of leaves with high concentration of polyphenols and antioxydants. The lowering of atherogenic risk and glycaemia after regular consumption of M. oleifera leaves powder is more significant in HIV negative than HIV positive patients. Results of this study bring information which will make it possible to pediatrics and nutritionists to adapt better use of M. oleifera leaves to combat malnutrition and the follow-up of HIV positive persons and in particular those on antiretroviral treatment. Key words: Moringa oleifera, malnutrition, atherogenic lipids, glycaemia, HIV/AIDS

Heavy Metal Contamination Levels in Clams (Galatea paradoxa, Born 1778) and Surface Sediments from Mono River Estuary, Togo, and its Health Implications

Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems is one of the most important threats of human health and food chain. Thus, in this study, the level of Cd, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn accumulation in surface sediments and in Galatea paradoxa, were investigated to estimate their potential health risks via consumption to residents alongside the Mono river, Togo-Benin border. Samples were collected at two fishing areas and analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry Moreover, the likely health risks developed as a result of human contamination by heavy metal through clam consumption was also assessed using target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI). The mean maximal metal concentrations (μg/g dw) were as follows: Fe (25624) > Mn (1176.0) > Zn (23.29) > Pb (4.67) > Hg (0.038) in silty sediments and Fe (15692) > Mn (654.78) > Zn (12.53) > Pb (2.42) > Hg (0.034) in sandy sediments. Cd content were all below the detectable limit. When compared against some consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (TEL, ERL, AFNOR), it was observed that all the concentrations, excluding Fe levels in the samples, were lower than reference values. Similarly, computed PLI was less than 1 indicating that the lower tidal parts of the Mono were unpolluted. The accumulation pattern of studied trace metals in the clams followed a slightly different trend from that found in the sediments (Fe>Zn>Mn>Hg>Pb>Cd). Fe (1353 ± 162 μg/g dw) and Zn (51,8 ± 8.9 μg/g dw) content in whole tissues of G. paradoxa were well above the maximum concentration allowable by food safety criteria. In contrast, Cd (0.097 mg/kg dw), Hg (0.24 mg/kg dw) and Pb (0.18 mg/kg dw) content were very low. Computed THQ values were all below 1, with highest results found in the small size clams regardless of the heavy metals. The HI values indicate that none of the analyzed heavy metals may pose serious risk to consumers through the clams studied. The highest risk was posed by small clams, followed in decreasing order by medium and large clams. We therefore suggest that the clams taken from main fishing locations at Mono river are safe to eat. Keywords: Heavy metals, Sediment pollution, Galatea paradoxa, Human health, Mono River DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-4-06 Publication date: February 28th 202

Assessment of pesticide residues and trace element contamination in market gardens of Togo

All intensive agriculture, like periurban agriculture, uses massive inputs such as agrochemicals. This study aims to assess the environmental impacts of agrochemical use in periurban agriculture in Togo. It was based on the chemical analyses of soil, water and vegetable samples. These analyses were carried out by gas chromatography on extracts from soil, water and vegetable samples. In soil samples, the concentrations of pesticide residues are lower than 20 ìg/kg of dry material. For water samples, contamination levels vary from 0.02 to 1.1 ìg/L of dry material with the highest levels for metalaxyl M (1.1 ìg/L) and for dimethoate (1 ìg/L). In vegetables, the concentrations measured are between 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg of dry material. All these concentrations are affected by a positive factor of the maximum limits of residues. These agrochemicals, coupled with periurban environmental management led to the high concentrations of trace elements. Lead and cadmium concentrations in water are 10 and 21 times respectively higher than the maximum concentration allowable for drinking water by the WHO. The study showed that inappropriate use of agrochemicals in Togolese periurban agriculture creates ecological disturbances that could affect produce quality.Key words: Togo, periurban agriculture, agrochemicals, pesticide residues, trace element

Evaluation des teneurs des métaux lourds dans le sang des sujets de la zone de traitement des phosphates au Sud du Togo

Les déchets du traitement des phosphates au Togo renferment des métaux lourds à l’origine de la contamination des sols, l’air, l’eau, la faune et la flore. Ce qui constitue un danger pour la santé des populations exposées. La présente étude a pour but d’évaluer les taux sanguins des métaux lourds chez les sujets exposés. Ainsi, les teneurs en cadmium, plomb, cuivre et nickel du sang ont été déterminées au spectrophotomètre d’absorption atomique chez 260 sujets dont 173 employés, 60 riverains de l’usine et 27 sujets témoins. Les résultats montrent que les valeurs moyennes des métaux lourds sont significativement plus élevées (p < 0,001) chez les travailleurs et les riverains de l’usine. La prévalence de la bioconcentration chez les sujets exposés varie en fonction du degré de contamination par les poussières de phosphate. Elle serait liée soit à la consommation d’aliments contaminés, soit à la durée de l’exposition aux métaux lourds. Ces résultats confirment une contamination importante et des risques sanitaires graves chez les sujets étudiés. Ce qui devrait permettre la mise en place dans l’usine de programmes efficaces et des mesures adéquates pour une meilleure protection des employés et une réduction sensible de la pollution des localités riveraines.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Phosphates, métaux lourds, bioconcentration, Sud TogoEnglish AbstractThe waste from the processing of phosphates in Togo contains heavy metals causing the contamination of soil, air, water, flora and fauna. This constitutes a danger to the health of exposed populations. This study aimed at evaluating blood levels of heavy metals in exposed subjects. Thus, the blood levels of cadmium, lead, copper and nickel were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer in 260 subjects, including 173 employees, 60 residents around the factory and 27 control subjects. The results show that the average values of heavy metals were significantly higher (p < 0.001) among workers and residents around the factory. The variation of prevalence of bioconcentration in exposed subjects depends on the degree of contamination by phosphate dust. It would be linked to the consumption of contaminated food, or the duration of exposure to heavy metals. These results confirmed significant contamination and serious health risks in the studied subjects. This should allow the introduction, in the plant, of effective programs and appropriate measures for better protection of employees and a significant reduction in pollution of areas surrounding the factory.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Phosphates, heavy metals, bioconcentration, South Tog

Aspects Cliniques et Indications Chirurgicales des Fractures Diaphysaires des os de l’Avant-Bras chez l’Adulte au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kara

Le but de cette étude était de décrire les aspects cliniques, thérapeutiques et évolutifs des fractures diaphysaires des os de l’avant-bras dans un pays à faible revenu. Méthodologie : Cette étude rétrospective a été  conduite de janvier 2019 à décembre 2022. Elle a concerné les patients opérés et suivis dans le service pour fracture d’un ou des deux os de l’avant-bras. Résultats : durant la période d’étude, 36 dossiers de patients ont été retenus. L’âge moyen était de 38,2 ans avec des extrêmes de 18 et 65. Il y avait 26 hommes et 10 femmes, soit un sex-ratio de 2,6. Il y avait 61% (n=22) de fractures diaphysaires simultanée des deux os de l’avant-bras, 22% (n=8) de fractures de Galeazzi, et 8% (n= 3) de fractures de Monteggia. Dans 3 autres cas (8%) il y avait une fracture isolée et non déplacée de l’ulna. La fracture siégeait sur le radius dans 30 cas et sur l’ulna dans 28 cas, soit un total de 58 fractures. Le trait de fracture était simple (2R2A et 2U2A) dans 35 cas (60%). La fracture était ouverte dans 13 cas (36%). Sur le plan thérapeutique, le montage Plaque-Plaque était le plus réalisé pour les fractures fermées des deux os (13 cas), suivi d’une ostéosynthèse par embrochage centromédullaire de chaque os (5 cas), puis le montage hybride (4 cas). Le résultat global, anatomique et fonctionnel était excellent dans 85% (n=31), bon dans 9% (n=3), et moyen dans 6% (n=2). Conclusion : En dehors des plaques vissées, les broches de Kirchner jouent un rôle important dans le traitement des fractures de l’avant-bras au CHU Kara.   The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of diaphyseal forearm bone fractures in a low-income country. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted from January 2019 to December 2022. It included patients operated on and followed up for fracture of one or both forearm bones. Results: During the study period, 36 patients files were retained. The mean age was 38.2 years, with extremes of 17 and 65. There were 26 men and 10 women, giving an sex ratio of 2.6. There were 61% (n=22) simultaneous diaphyseal fractures of both forearm bones, 22% (n=8) Galeazzi fractures, and 8.33% (n=3) Monteggia fractures. In 3 other cases (8.33%), there was an isolated, non-displaced ulnar fracture. The fracture was located on the radius in 30 cases and on the ulna in 28 cases, for a total of 58 fractures. The fracture line was simple (2R2A and 2U2A) in 60.34%; n=35. The fracture was open in 36% (n=13). For simultaneous diaphyseal fractures of both forearm bones, open reduction and internal fixation by  plate on each bone was the most common (13 cases), followed by centromedullary pinning of each bone (5 cases), then hybrid fixation (4 cases). The overall anatomical and functional outcome was excellent in 85% (n=31), good in 9% (n=3), and fair in 6% (n=2). Conclusion: Apart from plates fixations, Kirchner wires are very important in the treatment of forearm fractures at Kara University Hospital