5,572 research outputs found
Extended x-ray absorption fine structure study of porous GaSb formed by ion implantation
Porous GaSb has been formed by Ga ion implantation into crystalline GaSb substrates at either room temperature or −180 °C. The morphology has been characterized using scanning electron microscopy and the atomic structure was determined using extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Room-temperature implantation at low fluences leads to the formation of ∼20-nm voids though the material remains crystalline. Higher fluences cause the microstructure to evolve into a network of amorphous GaSb rods ∼15 nm in diameter. In contrast, implantation at −180 °C generates large, elongated voids but no rods. Upon exposure to air, the surface of the porous material is readily oxidized yielding Ga₂O₃ and metallic Sb precipitates, the latter resulting from the reduction of unstable Sb₂O₃. We consider and discuss the atomic-scale mechanisms potentially operative during the concurrent crystalline-to-amorphous and continuous-to-porous transformations
The formation of supermassive black holes in the first galaxies
We discuss the formation of supermassive black holes in the early universe,
and how to probe their subsequent evolution with the upcoming mm/sub-mm
telescope ALMA. We first focus on the chemical and radiative conditions for
black hole formation, in particular considering radiation trapping and
molecular dissociation effects. We then turn our attention towards the magnetic
properties in the halos where the first black holes form, and show that the
presence of turbulence may lead to a magnetic dynamo, which could support the
black hole formation process by providing an efficient means of transporting
the angular momentum. We finally focus on observable properties of
high-redshift black holes with respect to ALMA, and discuss how to distinguish
between chemistry driven by the starburst and chemistry driven by X-rays from
the black hole.Comment: Contribution to AIP conference proceedings "First Stars and Galaxies:
Challenges in the Next Decade". 4 pages, 3 figure
The Evolution of Anodic Hydrogen on High Purity Magnesium in Acidic Buffer Solution
Hydrogen evolution (HE) on anodically polarized Mg, commonly referred to as Negative Difference Effect, was studied by galvanodynamic measurements coupled with real-time gravimetric H2 volume collection, the Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique and potentiodynamic polarization experiments. High purity Mg (99.96% Mg) electrodes were studied in chloride-free 0.1 M citric acid solution buffered at pH with the aim of determining the source of anodic HE and the role of the corrosion film on the process. In such conditions of pH, the typical dark corrosion product exhibited in neutral and alkaline solutions was not found but the HE rate still increased with increasing potential. Evidence that HE on dissolving high purity Mg is associated with the regions dominated by the anodic dissolution reaction is provided. The role of noble impurity enrichment on the electrode surface during anodic polarization and the effect of Fe re-deposition are also discussed
A theoretical explanation for the Central Molecular Zone asymmetry
It has been known for more than thirty years that the distribution of
molecular gas in the innermost 300 parsecs of the Milky Way, the Central
Molecular Zone, is strongly asymmetric. Indeed, approximately three quarters of
molecular emission comes from positive longitudes, and only one quarter from
negative longitudes. However, despite much theoretical effort, the origin of
this asymmetry has remained a mystery. Here we show that the asymmetry can be
neatly explained by unsteady flow of gas in a barred potential. We use
high-resolution 3D hydrodynamical simulations coupled to a state-of-the-art
chemical network. Despite the initial conditions and the bar potential being
point-symmetric with respect to the Galactic Centre, asymmetries develop
spontaneously due to the combination of a hydrodynamical instability known as
the "wiggle instability" and the thermal instability. The observed asymmetry
must be transient: observations made tens of megayears in the past or in the
future would often show an asymmetry in the opposite sense. Fluctuations of
amplitude comparable to the observed asymmetry occur for a large fraction of
the time in our simulations, and suggest that the present is not an exceptional
moment in the life of our Galaxy.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Videos of the simulations are
available at http://www.ita.uni-heidelberg.de/~mattia/download.htm
Enhancing Parallel Cooperative Trajectory Based Metaheuristics with Path Relinking
This paper proposes a novel algorithm combining path relinking with a set of cooperating trajectory based parallel algorithms to yield a new metaheuristic of enhanced search features. Algorithms based on the exploration of the neighborhood of a single solution, like simulated annealing (SA), have offered accurate results for a large number of real-world problems in the past. Because of their trajectory based nature, some advanced models such as the cooperative one are competitive in academic problems, but still show many limitations in addressing large scale instances. In addition, the field of parallel models for trajectory methods has not deeply been studied yet (at least in comparison with parallel population based models). In this work, we propose a new hybrid algorithm which improves cooperative single solution techniques by using path relinking, allowing both to reduce the global execution time and to improve the efficacy of the method. We test here this new model using a large benchmark of instances of two well-known NP-hard problems: MAXSAT and QAP, with competitive results.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech
Fabrication of integrated planar gunn diode and micro-cooler on GaAs substrate
We demonstrate fabrication of an integrated
micro cooler with the planar Gunn diode and characterise
its performance. First experimental results have shown a
small cooling at the surface of the micro cooler. This is first
demonstration of an integrated micro-cooler with a planar
Gunn diode
Turbulent Mixing in the Interstellar Medium -- an application for Lagrangian Tracer Particles
We use 3-dimensional numerical simulations of self-gravitating compressible
turbulent gas in combination with Lagrangian tracer particles to investigate
the mixing process of molecular hydrogen (H2) in interstellar clouds. Tracer
particles are used to represent shock-compressed dense gas, which is associated
with H2. We deposit tracer particles in regions of density contrast in excess
of ten times the mean density. Following their trajectories and using
probability distribution functions, we find an upper limit for the mixing
timescale of H2, which is of order 0.3 Myr. This is significantly smaller than
the lifetime of molecular clouds, which demonstrates the importance of the
turbulent mixing of H2 as a preliminary stage to star formation.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, conference proceedings "Turbulent Mixing and
Beyond 2007
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