Fundamentación y aplicabilidad de la justicia transicional en Colombia

206 p.En el contexto del proceso de paz por el cual atraviesa nuestro país, con miras a un posconflicto, la Universidad Católica de Colombia, por medio de su Facultad de Derecho y su Centro de Investigaciones Sociojurídicas, ha adelantado un proceso de investigación que articula un trabajo entre varias áreas del saber del derecho: el derecho penal, el derecho de los derechos humanos, la filosofía del derecho, la sociología jurídica y el derecho internacional, logrando articular la investigación entre varias de sus sedes en diferentes ciudades del país. El eje de esta investigación es el análisis y el estudio de la justicia transicional desde las diferentes áreas del derecho, buscando contribuir a una reflexión crítica y constructiva que aporte a nuestro país caminos para entender este proceso, que se presenta complejo.Presentación Introducción Capítulo 1. Marco normativo internacional de la memoria histórica Capítulo 2. Examen en clave neoconstitucionalista a la categoría normativa de la paz Capítulo 3. La justicia transicional y el rol de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos Capítulo 4. Reflexiones en torno a la justicia transicional y sus implicaciones respecto a los niños, niñas y adolescentes en el posconflicto Capítulo 5. Memoria y reparación: el camino de la justicia transicional para las víctimas Capítulo 6. Verdad, justicia y reparación: aplicación del estándar internacional en el marco del posconflicto para niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) Capítulo 7. Víctimas y transición Conclusiones generales Bibliografí

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Evaluación interinstitucional 2005 – 2015 sobre aplicación de normatividad ambiental para la preservación y conservación del humedal Kirpas de Villavicencio

The preservation and conservation of the natural resources, originates from the issue of the National Natural Resources code from 1974 and since this decree it’s assigned to the autonomous regional corporations and state entities with functions in the environmental administration, different responsibilities in terms of preservation and conservation, based on this, it was made an investigation oriented to evaluate the environmental legislation, the actions made for each of the identified entities, in the protection and conservation of a strategic ecosystem in the city of Villavicencio, the wetland Kirpas Pinilla la Cuerera, emphasizing in the functions of the Corporation for the Sustainable Development from the Special Management Area of the Macarena Cormacarena, taking into account the functions adopted once Colombia entered to be part of the Ramsar Convention agreements in 1997, to identifie and delimit strategic areas of environmental importance. Additional to the public gestion, it was analyzed the actions made by other interest groups such as academic institutions and communities from the area of influence, to determine the articulation of the academy in the investigative field with the social component, evidencing little to none efforts in the characterization and protection of this important ecosystem.La preservación y conservación de los recursos naturales, se origina a partir de la expedición del Código Nacional de los Recursos Naturales del año 1974, y, a partir de este decreto se asignan a las corporaciones autónomas regionales y entidades del Estado, con funciones en la administración ambiental, diferentes responsabilidades en materia de preservación y conservación. Con base en esto, se realizó una investigación orientada a evaluar la legislación ambiental, las acciones realizadas por cada una de las entidades identificadas, en la protección y conservación de un ecosistema estratégico del municipio de Villavicencio, el humedal Kirpas Pinilla la Cuerera, haciendo énfasis en las funciones de la Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Área de Manejo Especial de la Macarena, Cormacarena, teniendo en cuenta las funciones adoptadas una vez Colombia entró a ser parte de los acuerdos de la Convención Ramsar en 1997, para identificar y delimitar áreas estratégicas y de importancia ambiental. Adicional a la gestión pública, se analizó las acciones realizadas por otros grupos de interés como instituciones académicas y comunidades del área de influencia, para determinar la articulación de la academia en el campo investigativo con el componente social, evidenciando pocos y nulos esfuerzos en la caracterización y protección de este importante ecosistema

The Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on Cognition in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review

(1) Background: High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a new exercise modality that emphasizes multi-joint functional movements adaptable to any fitness level and promotes greater muscle recruitment. Previous studies have evaluated the positive effects of HIFT on mental and cognitive health but have not evaluated it in older people. This study aims to conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of HIFT on general cognition in older adults with cognitive impairment. (2) Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guideline, articles that did a high-intensity functional physical exercise intervention on cognitive performance in older adults with mild to moderate cognitive impairment (MMSE > 10) or dementia, aged 55 years or older, published between 2011 and 2021 in five different electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane plus were included. (3) Results: 7 articles were included, all having general cognition as their primary outcome. All assessed general cognition using the Mini-Mental State Examination, the ADAS-Cog, or both. All studies had at least one HIFT experimental group with a frequency of 2 sessions per week and a variable duration between protocols of 12, 13, 16, and 26 weeks. Two articles showed that a progressive HIFT program improves general cognition, four articles showed no significant changes within or between groups and one article concluded that a HIFT intervention does not slow cognitive decline. (4) Conclusions: Evidence exists of the benefits of HIFT on general cognition in older adults with cognitive impairment, assessed using the MMSE, the ADAS-cog, or both. Two articles that showed improvement in cognitive function used progressive HIFT with 80% RM at 6, 12, and 1 weeks; however, in the other articles, due to the heterogeneity of intervention protocols, measurement time points, and control group activities, mixed results were evidence

Babesia bovis RON2 contains conserved B-cell epitopes that induce an invasion-blocking humoral immune response in immunized cattle

Abstract Background Babesia bovis belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa and is the major causal agent of bovine babesiosis, the most important veterinary disease transmitted by arthropods. In apicomplexan parasites, the interaction between AMA1 and RON2 is necessary for the invasion process, and it is a target for vaccine development. In B. bovis, the existence of AMA1 has already been reported; however, the presence of a homolog of RON2 is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize RON2 in B. bovis. Results The B. bovis ron2 gene has a similar synteny with the orthologous gene in the B. bigemina genome. The entire ron2 gene was sequenced from different B. bovis strains showing > 99% similarity at the amino acid and nucleotide level among all the sequences obtained, including the characteristic CLAG domain for cytoadherence in the amino acid sequence, as is described in other Apicomplexa. The in silico transcription analysis showed similar levels of transcription between attenuated and virulent B. bovis strains, and expression of RON2 was confirmed by western blot in the B. bovis T3Bo virulent strain. Four conserved peptides, containing predicted B-cell epitopes in hydrophilic regions of the protein, were designed and chemically synthesized. The humoral immune response generated by the synthetic peptides was characterized in bovines, showing that anti-RON2 antibodies against peptides recognized intraerythrocytic merozoites of B. bovis. Only peptides P2 and P3 generated partially neutralizing antibodies that had an inhibitory effect of 28.10% and 21.42%, respectively, on the invasion process of B. bovis in bovine erythrocytes. Consistently, this effect is additive since inhibition increased to 42.09% when the antibodies were evaluated together. Finally, P2 and P3 peptides were also recognized by 83.33% and 87.77%, respectively, of naturally infected cattle from endemic areas. Conclusions The data support RON2 as a novel B. bovis vaccine candidate antigen that contains conserved B-cell epitopes that elicit partially neutralizing antibodies

The Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on Cognition in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review

(1) Background: High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a new exercise modality that emphasizes multi-joint functional movements adaptable to any fitness level and promotes greater muscle recruitment. Previous studies have evaluated the positive effects of HIFT on mental and cognitive health but have not evaluated it in older people. This study aims to conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of HIFT on general cognition in older adults with cognitive impairment. (2) Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guideline, articles that did a high-intensity functional physical exercise intervention on cognitive performance in older adults with mild to moderate cognitive impairment (MMSE > 10) or dementia, aged 55 years or older, published between 2011 and 2021 in five different electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane plus were included. (3) Results: 7 articles were included, all having general cognition as their primary outcome. All assessed general cognition using the Mini-Mental State Examination, the ADAS-Cog, or both. All studies had at least one HIFT experimental group with a frequency of 2 sessions per week and a variable duration between protocols of 12, 13, 16, and 26 weeks. Two articles showed that a progressive HIFT program improves general cognition, four articles showed no significant changes within or between groups and one article concluded that a HIFT intervention does not slow cognitive decline. (4) Conclusions: Evidence exists of the benefits of HIFT on general cognition in older adults with cognitive impairment, assessed using the MMSE, the ADAS-cog, or both. Two articles that showed improvement in cognitive function used progressive HIFT with 80% RM at 6, 12, and 1 weeks; however, in the other articles, due to the heterogeneity of intervention protocols, measurement time points, and control group activities, mixed results were evidence

Sociodemographic characteristics of the adult population of the parish Cumbe, Cuenca-Ecuador

Introducción: El crecimiento económico y social de Latinoamérica ha variado a través de su historia, así como la percepción de la importancia de factores socioeconómicos en el proceso salud-enfermedad. Ecuador es un país latinoamericano que se ha visto envuelto en este crecimiento y en cambios en la pirámide poblacional y todos los factores que a ella respecta, por lo cual el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características sociodemográficas de la población adulta de Cumbe-Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de campo, descriptivo y transversal con muestreo aleatorio multietápico, en el cual se evaluaron 374 individuos adultos de ambos sexos, residentes de la parroquia rural de Cumbe de la ciudad de Cuenca, provincia del Azuay. Se les realizó historia clínica que abarca las características sociodemográficas y examen físico de manera integral. Las variables cualitativas fueron expresadas en frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: Se evaluaron a 374 individuos, de los cuales el 66,31% (n=248) perteneció al sexo femenino. A medida que aumentó la edad se redujo el nivel de estatus socioeconómico. Al evaluar el nivel educativo, se observó que la educación primaria fue más frecuente tanto en la pobreza extrema (68,4%) como la clase obrera (63,9%), mientras que en la clase media y clase media-alta tuvo mayor frecuencia de estudios superiores con 60% y 41,8% respectivamente, con una asociación estadísticamente significativa (χ2=66,047; p<0,001). Conclusión: Se observa una distribución sociodemográfica poblacional acorde a las cifras de la Provincia de Azuay, con un mayor porcentaje de individuos del sexo femenino, una población joven, con alta frecuencia de sujetos casados, de clase obrera y con nivel educativo principalmente por debajo de la educación superior. Por lo que se deben aumentar los esfuerzos políticos en la búsqueda de una población con un mayor nivel educativo y socioeconómico.Introduction: The economic and social growth of Latin America has varied throughout its history, as well as the perception of the importance of socioeconomic factors in the health-disease process. Ecuador is a Latin American country that has been involved in this growth and changes in the population pyramid and all the factors that affect it, so the objective of this study was to evaluate the socio-demogra-phic characteristics of the adult population of Cumbe-Ecuador. Materials and methods: A field, descriptive, cross-sectional study with multistaged randomized sampling was carried out in 374 adults of both genders, residents of the rural parish of Cumbe of Cuenca city, province of Azuay. A clinical history covering the socio-demographic characteristics and physical examination was performed in an integral manner. Qualitative variables were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies. Results: Of the total of 374 individuals evaluated, 66.31% (n = 248) were female. As the age increased, the level of socioeconomic status was reduced. In evaluating the educational level, it was observed that primary education was more frequent in both extreme poverty (68.4%) and the working class (63.9%), while in the middle and upper-middle classes it was higher frequency of higher studies with 60% and 41.8% respectively, with a statistically significant association (χ2=66.047; p<0.001). Conclusion: In Cumbe was found a population-based sociodemographic distribution according to the Azuay Province, with a higher percentage of females, a young population, with a high frequency of married subjects, of working class and educational level mainly below higher education. Therefore, political efforts should be increased in the search for a population with a higher educational and socioeconomic level

Cell Survival Enabled by Leakage of a Labile Metabolic Intermediate

Many metabolites are generated in one step of a biochemical pathway and consumed in a subsequent step. Such metabolic intermediates are often reactive molecules which, if allowed to freely diffuse in the intracellular milieu, could lead to undesirable side reactions and even become toxic to the cell. Therefore, metabolic intermediates are often protected as protein-bound species and directly transferred between enzyme active sites in multi-function al enzymes, multi-enzyme complexes, and metabolons. Sequestration of reactive metabolic intermediates thus con tributes to metabolic efficiency. It is not known, however, whether this evolutionary adaptation can be relaxed in response to challenges to organismal survival. Here, we report evolutionary repair experiments on Escherichia coli cells in which an enzyme crucial for the biosynthesis of proline has been deleted. The deletion makes cells unable to grow in a culture medium lacking proline. Remarkably, however, cell growth is efficiently restored by many single mutations (12 at least) in the gene of glutamine synthetase. The mutations cause the leakage to the intracellular milieu of a highly reactive phosphorylated intermediate common to the biosynthetic pathways of glutamine and pro line. This intermediate is generally assumed to exist only as a protein-bound species. Nevertheless, its diffusion upon mutation-induced leakage enables a new route to proline biosynthesis. Our results support that leakage of seques tered metabolic intermediates can readily occur and contribute to organismal adaptation in some scenarios. Enhanced availability of reactive molecules may enable the generation of new biochemical pathways and the poten tial of mutation-induced leakage in metabolic engineering is notedHuman Frontier Science Program RGP0041/2017Spanish Government RTI2018-097142-B-100Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (MICINN) 80NSSC18K1277European CommissionJunta de AndaluciaRegional Andalusian Government E-BIO-464-UGR-20 2020_DOC_0054

Antigiardial Activity of Acetylsalicylic Acid Is Associated with Overexpression of HSP70 and Membrane Transporters

Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan responsible for giardiasis, a worldwide diarrheal disease. The adverse effects of the pharmacological treatments and the appearance of drug resistance have increased the rate of therapeutic failures. In the search for alternative therapeutics, drug repositioning has become a popular strategy. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) exhibits diverse biological activities through multiple mechanisms. However, the full spectrum of its activities is incompletely understood. In this study we show that ASA displayed direct antigiardial activity and affected the adhesion and growth of trophozoites in a time-dose-dependent manner. Electron microscopy images revealed remarkable morphological alterations in the membrane, ventral disk, and caudal region. Using mass spectrometry and real-time quantitative reverse transcription (qRT-PCR), we identified that ASA induced the overexpression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). ASA also showed a significant increase of five ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (giABC, giABCP, giMDRP, giMRPL and giMDRAP1). Additionally, we found low toxicity on Caco-2 cells. Taken together, these results suggest an important role of HSPs and ABC drug transporters in contributing to stress tolerance and protecting cells from ASA-induced stress

Referentes curriculares con incorporación de tecnologías para la formación del profesorado de matemáticas en y para la diversidad

Presentamos la segunda edición de este documento a profesores y estudiantes de las Facultades de Educación en las áreas de matemáticas y de ingeniería informática o de sistemas, a las Facultades de Educación y Ministerios de Educación Iberoamericanos, con el fin de evidenciar el resultado de muchas discusiones, reflexiones, análisis y trabajo conjunto que dieron origen a la necesidad de presentar referentes curriculares consensuados para los procesos de enseñanza y de aprendizaje en el área de matemáticas para América Latina y el Caribe. Asimismo, se busca dar a conocer las orientaciones para el diseño de guías para el adecuado uso, aprovechamiento y desarrollo de las TIC como apoyo en procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje