Indian Country Criminal Justice, the Dual-Sovereignty Doctrine, and Best Practices for Curbing Multiple Prosecutions

The dual-sovereignty doctrine is a significant carve-out to the Fifth Amendment’s Double Jeopardy Clause, allowing individuals to be criminally prosecuted twice for the same alleged conduct, as long as those prosecutions are conducted by different sovereigns. There is much scholarship on the doctrine, most of it critical. The vast majority of this scholarship examines the doctrine’s application in the state-federal context, devoting little attention to its role in the tribal-federal context. Nor is there substantial data on the doctrine’s application in the tribal-federal context. This thesis takes an initial step in filling this knowledge gap. It analyzes how the dual-sovereignty doctrine interacts with the unique framework of criminal law in Indian country, illuminating tribal sovereignty concerns and issues of fairness for defendants that the doctrine creates or exacerbates in the tribal-federal context. It also lays the groundwork for further study of the doctrine’s application in the tribal-federal context, with an eye toward identifying when, why, and with what frequency dual tribal and federal prosecutions arise, as well as the best practices tribal justice systems may already be using that mitigate potential tribal sovereignty concerns and fairness issues

Towards a Molecular Inventory of Protostellar Discs

The chemical environment in circumstellar discs is a unique diagnostic of the thermal, physical and chemical environment. In this paper we examine the structure of star formation regions giving rise to low mass stars, and the chemical environment inside them, and the circumstellar discs around the developing stars.Comment: 9 page PDF, 550 kbyte

Rebuilding the Plane While Flying: Library/Vendor Strategies for Approval Plan Revision (in a DDA World)

Library approval plans remain a major means of both codifying a library’s collection development program and providing an operational and procedural tool for acquisitions of library materials. This paper summarizes the arduous but ultimately worthwhile and satisfying project that Loyola Marymount University and YBP Library Services undertook in a yearlong approval profile review project. It describes how the library and the approval plan vendor strategized and collaborated to involve over 20 subject liaisons with varying levels of collection development experience and the support infrastructure needed to get liaisons up to speed on their roles in the project. It also explains the communications and collaboration tools we used to document a process with myriad details to track. Both the library and vendor perspectives on how to effectively structure and implement approval plan revisions for print and electronic books are included. Underlying this whole project was the belief that the approval plan (and intentional collection building) still has an important place in libraries

On the Timescale for the Formation of Protostellar Cores in Magnetic Interstellar Clouds

We revisit the problem of the formation of dense protostellar cores due to ambipolar diffusion within magnetically supported molecular clouds, and derive an analytical expression for the core formation timescale. The resulting expression is similar to the canonical expression = t_{ff}^2/t_{ni} ~ 10 t_{ni} (where t_{ff} is the free-fall time and t_{ni} is the neutral-ion collision time), except that it is multiplied by a numerical factor C(\mu_{c0}), where \mu_{c0} is the initial central mass-to-flux ratio normalized to the critical value for gravitational collapse. C(\mu_{c0}) is typically ~ 1 in highly subcritical clouds (\mu_{c0} << 1), although certain conditions allow C(\mu_{c0}) >> 1. For clouds that are not highly subcritical, C(\mu_{c0}) can be much less than unity, with C(\mu_{c0}) --> 0 for \mu_{c0} --> 1, significantly reducing the time required to form a supercritical core. This, along with recent observations of clouds with mass-to-flux ratios close to the critical value, may reconcile the results of ambipolar diffusion models with statistical analyses of cores and YSO's which suggest an evolutionary timescale \~ 1 Myr for objects of mean density ~ 10^4 cm^{-3}. We compare our analytical relation to the results of numerical simulations, and also discuss the effects of dust grains on the core formation timescale.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Time-Dependent Eddy-Mean Energy Diagrams and Their Application to the Ocean

Insight into the global ocean energy cycle and its relationship to climate variability can be gained by examining the temporal variability of eddy–mean flow interactions. A time-dependent version of the Lorenz energy diagram is formulated and applied to energetic ocean regions from a global, eddying state estimate. The total energy in each snapshot is partitioned into three components: energy in the mean flow, energy in eddies, and energy temporal anomaly residual, whose time mean is zero. These three terms represent, respectively, correlations between mean quantities, correlations between eddy quantities, and eddy-mean correlations. Eddy–mean flow interactions involve energy exchange among these three components. The temporal coherence about energy exchange during eddy–mean flow interactions is assessed. In the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream Extension regions, a suppression relation is manifested by a reduction in the baroclinic energy pathway to the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) reservoir following a strengthening of the barotropic energy pathway to EKE; the baroclinic pathway strengthens when the barotropic pathway weakens. In the subtropical gyre and Southern Ocean, a delay in energy transfer between different reservoirs occurs during baroclinic instability. The delay mechanism is identified using a quasigeostrophic, two-layer model; part of the potential energy in large-scale eddies, gained from the mean flow, cascades to smaller scales through eddy stirring before converting to EKE. The delay time is related to this forward cascade and scales linearly with the eddy turnover time. The relation between temporal variations in wind power input and eddy–mean flow interactions is also assessed

Control of surface topography on aluminium prior to coating application

The study investigates the influence of nickel and magnesium additions to AA1050 aluminium alloy on the alloy electrochemical behaviour in sodium hydroxide and nitric acid solutions under conditions relevant to industries that use alkaline etching as a standard surface treatment procedure and to the lithographic and electronic industries where surface convolution is assisted by pitting in nitric acid. Nickel is shown to be incorporated into second phase particles, which mostly consisted of Al3Fe and α-(AlFeSi) phases, resulting in enhanced cathodic activity on the aluminium surface. In contrast, the addition of magnesium to the alloy had negligible influence on the etching and pitting behaviour