6 research outputs found
Copepod summer grazing and fecal pellet production along theWestern Antarctic Peninsula
Copepods are important grazers on phytoplankton and contributors to carbon export, but their role is poorly understood in theWestern Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), a region of high productivity and rapid climate warming. We conducted grazing and egestion experiments with large, dominant copepods each January from 2012 to 2014. We found higher gut evacuation rates (k), initial gut pigment and ingestion rates (I) for Calanus propinquus and Rhincalanus gigas compared with Calanoides acutus. Since k and I linearly increased with chlorophyll a for most species, ingestion rates were 4-70 times greater in more productive coastal regions than offshore, slope waters. Copepods have a low grazing impact on phytoplankton biomass (\u3c 1%) and productivity (1%, up to 11%) compared with the dominant WAP macro-and microzooplankton. Egestion rates were high (0.8-37.3 mu gC ind.(-1) day(-1)); however, similar to 58% of fecal pellets are retained in the upper water column. Daily carbon rations of similar to 1% indicated feeding on other carbon sources (protozoans and metazoans) to meet metabolic demands. However, during a coastal phytoplankton bloom, daily C rations increased to up to 13%, indicating increased reliance on phytoplankton. Future changes in theWAP plankton community may affect food web carbon flow and export
Krill Excretion Boosts Microbial Activity in the Southern Ocean
Antarctic krill are known to release large amounts of inorganic and organic nutrients to the water column. Here we test the role of krill excretion of dissolved products in stimulating heterotrophic bacteria on the basis of three experiments where ammonium and organic excretory products released by krill were added to bacterial assemblages, free of grazers. Our results demonstrate that the addition of krill excretion products (but not of ammonium alone), at levels expected in krill swarms, greatly stimulates bacteria resulting in an order-of-magnitude increase in growth and production. Furthermore, they suggest that bacterial growth rate in the Southern Ocean is suppressed well below their potential by resource limitation. Enhanced bacterial activity in the presence of krill, which are major sources of DOC in the Southern Ocean, would further increase recycling processes associated with krill activity, resulting in highly efficient krill-bacterial recycling that should be conducive to stimulating periods of high primary productivity in the Southern Ocean.This research is a contribution to projects ICEPOS (REN2002-04165-CO3-O2) and ATOS (POL2006-00550/CTM), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation
The importance of Antarctic krill in biogeochemical cycles
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are swarming, oceanic crustaceans, up to two inches long, and best known as prey for whales and penguins – but they have another important role. With their large size, high biomass and daily vertical migrations they transport and transform essential nutrients, stimulate primary productivity and influence the carbon sink. Antarctic krill are also fished by the Southern Ocean’s largest fishery. Yet how krill fishing impacts nutrient fertilisation and the carbon sink in the Southern Ocean is poorly understood. Our synthesis shows fishery management should consider the influential biogeochemical role of both adult and larval Antarctic krill
Chapter 5 Feeding and Food Processing in Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba Dana)
Euphausia superba is exceptional among euphausiids for the large
filtering surface of the feeding basket and its fine mesh size (2–3 μm), which remain
into adulthood. This enables them to feed efficiently on nano- and microplankton,
and to reach substantial growth rates with food concentrations as low as 0.5 μg
Chlorophyll a L
�1. Even though phytoplankton – in particular diatoms – are their
staple food, protozoans and small copepods are ingested simultaneously and represent
an important supplementary food source year-round. However, krill feeding
behaviour is more complex than just filter-feeding in the water column, it includes
raptorial capture of larger zooplankton, handling of ‘giant’ diatoms, scraping algae
from beneath sea ice and lifting detritus from the seabed. High mobility and
physiological robustness enable krill to explore three feeding grounds – the water
column, the sea ice and the benthos. Variability in access and productivity of these
feeding grounds leads to fundamental differences in krill overwintering across their
habitats. Gut passage time, absorption efficiency and fecal pellet density vary with
food concentration and nutritional needs. Therefore krill fecal pellets have a dual
role; some promote the export of carbon and nutrients while others facilitate the
recycling of material in the upper water column. Krill grazing can suppress phytoplankton
blooms, but this tends to be a localised phenomenon where krill abundances
are exceptionally high. Conversely, krill appear to have major conditioning
effects due to nutrient supply (e.g. ammonium, iron), although their role in Southern
Ocean biogeochemical cycles is only starting to be discovered