Exploring New Avenues to the Doping Debate in Sports: A Test-Relevant Approach

This author examines the doping debate’s fundamental question: is sport justified to prohibit certain performance-enhancing substances? Although a well-trod question, this article argues that historical justification for banning doping does not provide sufficient reason to continue banning substances today. At the same time, current approaches that rely heavily on bioethical arguments only address a small portion of the doping debate. This paper will argue that the bioethical issues do not apply since sport, as a subspecies of games, ask that game players follow specific rules when participating in the game. Thus this paper develops arguments about doping related to the game test and separate from past bioethical debates over doping. These arguments use a test-relevant approach where sporting communities democratically evaluate the effects of individual substances on their specific sport. The result of a test-relevant approach is that sporting communities choose specific substances to permit or ban rather than having a universal agreed upon list of banned substances. This paper concludes with a brief discussion of the practical benefits including more meaningful prohibitions, more specific testing, and, potentially, sports that permit certain performance-enhancing substances currently prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency

The relationship between social networking site use and the internalization of a thin ideal in females: A meta-analytic review

Published: 07 August 2017Previous research has indicated that exposure to traditional media (i.e., television, film, and print) predicts the likelihood of internalization of a thin ideal; however, the relationship between exposure to internet-based social media on internalization of this ideal remains less understood. Social media differ from traditional forms of media by allowing users to create and upload their own content that is then subject to feedback from other users. This meta-analysis examined the association linking the use of social networking sites (SNSs) and the internalization of a thin ideal in females. Systematic searches were performed in the databases: PsychINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, Communication and Mass Media Complete, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Six studies were included in the meta-analysis that yielded 10 independent effect sizes and a total of 1,829 female participants ranging in age from 10 to 46 years. We found a positive association between extent of use of SNSs and extent of internalization of a thin ideal with a small to moderate effect size (r = 0.18). The positive effect indicated that more use of SNSs was associated with significantly higher internalization of a thin ideal. A comparison was also made between study outcomes measuring broad use of SNSs and outcomes measuring SNS use solely as a function of specific appearance-related features (e.g., posting or viewing photographs). The use of appearance-related features had a stronger relationship with the internalization of a thin ideal than broad use of SNSs. The finding suggests that the ability to interact with appearance-related features online and be an active participant in media creation is associated with body image disturbance. Future research should aim to explore the way SNS users interact with the media posted online and the relationship linking the use of specific appearance features and body image disturbance.John Mingoia, Amanda D. Hutchinson, Carlene Wilson and David H. Gleave

4-H 308 4-H Market Broilers

4-H 308: 4-H Market Broilers; choosing a broiler and getting started, the goal, housing, brooding, feed, management, special treatment for show birds, defects and judging criteria, profit or loss, marketing, some common poultry diseases and parasites

EC67-1422 Mr. Poultryman...Here\u27s a Message for You! About Pesticides and Pesticide Residues

Extension Circular 67-1422: Mr. Poultryman, Here’s a Message for you; about pesticides and pesticide residues, why pesticides are bad for poultry and how to prevent residues

Putting the World Correctly: Wittgenstein\u27s conception of aesthetics and the philosophy of language

This essay begins with the claim the reader must grant the author: no person is without a past. Yet the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein has often been split into two distinct periods of thought titled “The Early Wittgenstein” and “The Later Wittgenstein” as ifthere was no development from one period to the next, thus removing his past as a source of development for his later philosophy. It is as if some Wittgenstein scholars wish to view the later work as spontaneously growing out of nothing, void of any school ofthought or influence. And Wittgenstein has not helped. The time between his two periods was spent in various activities which are difficult to account for and whose impact on Wittgenstein remains unclear. The result from this error of bifurcation is a philosophy from a great thinker that I argue has been misunderstood and whose philosophic contribution has yet to be fully cultivated. Furthermore, people are thus unjustifiably ignoring his earlier work. One cannot just go and see what he believed in the last years since it was his wrestling with axiological questions that shapes how we are to understand both the question he is asking and the conclusions he is attempting to draw us towards

EC91-269 Domestic Poultry Feed Formulation Guide

This publication provides basic, practical information about nturition and diet requirements for poultry. Nutrient requirements, diet formulations, feed ingredient analyses, and feeding methods are ever changing. Feed cost is the largest single item of expense in producing poultry meat or eggs. Poultry producers should adopt a comprehensive feeding program based on sound nutrition principles tailored to a specific production purpose. This publication provides the basis for such a feeding program