Saving the Orphan Pigs

Countless hundreds of orphan pigs are lost annually in Iowa and other states of the corn belt. When they are saved and reared, it is mostly thru b\u27guess and b\u27gosh methods, there being usually very little system on the majority of farms in making an attempt to pull them thru. The present loss of orphan pigs can be greatly reduced by following certain feeding and management essentials which are now known

Acute hypotension due to platelet serotonin-induced chemoreflexes after intravenous injection of dextran sulfate in the rabbit

The hypotension and bradycardia observed after intravenous injection of dextran sulfate in rabbits was prevented by prior depletion of circulating platelets, but was not prevented by depletion of the third component of complement or Hageman factor. Dextran sulfate injection caused immediate thrombocytopenia with temporary localization of platelets within lungs. Morphological analysis revealed platelet aggregates in lung capillaries. The platelets had changed shape and were in the process of degranulating. Serotonin and histamine levels in blood increased approximately 5-fold and 7-fold, respectively, after dextran sulfate injection. The cardiovascular events following dextran sulfate injection were mimicked by intravenous serotonin but not by intravenous histamine injection, although a combination of serotonin and histamine reproduced the pattern of blood pressure changes better than did either agent alone. Quantification of platelets trapped in lung revealed that the potential release of serotonin from trapped platelets could account for the rise in plasma serotonin concentration and the hemodynamic changes observed. Both the dextran sulfate-induced cardiovascular effects and serotonin-induced hypotension were markedly diminished by cutting vagus and depressor nerves, and were virtually abolished by carotid ligation in addition to nerve section. These results support the concept that platelet activation within rabbit lungs may cause hypotension via serotonin-induced chemoreflexes

Saving the Orphan Pigs

Countless hundreds of orphan pigs are lost annually in Iowa and other states of the corn belt. When they are saved and reared, it is mostly thru "b'guess and b'gosh" methods, there being usually very little system on the majority of farms in making an attempt to pull them thru. The present loss of orphan pigs can be greatly reduced by following certain feeding and management essentials which are now known.</p

Raising orphan pigs, I. Protein modifications of cows' whole milk frequency of feeding nutritive ratio studies

1. Cows' whole milk, plus a standard corn belt ration of mixed shelled corn (yellow is preferred, however) self-fed, high grade 60 percent protein meat meal tankage self-fed, plus block salt, gave good results in the raising of orphan pigs. 2. While protein modification of co\\'s' milk with casein, blood meal and linseed oilmeal for the pigs in suckling stage gave somewhat better results than cows' milk alone, yet in view of the slight advantages secured, the addition of casein, or blood meal, or linseed oilmeal, when both meat meal tankage and milk are used, is in general practice somewhat questionable. One quart of cows' whole milk per pig daily in three or more feeds is assumed to be a fair practical allowance when allowed with a self-fed free-choice ration of shelled corn, preferably yellow, meat meal tankage, and salt. 4. Feeding the milk three times daily after the pigs are well started, this along' with a free-choice self-fed shelled co I'll , meat meal tankage and salt ration, appears to be a practical feeding frequency. While more frequent feeding, especially early in trials, apparently gives better results, allowing the milk three times daily in the latter stages seemed to be good practice under the conditions of our experiments. Extremely young pigs may often be given a ,late night feeding to good advantage. 5. The crude nutritive ratio in some of our successful and comparable orphan pig tests averaged about 1 :3.8, which means that the feed mixture carried, for each pound of protein, 3.8 pounds of carbohydrate equivalent. This ratio evidence must be considered as "appetite manifestation" evidence. Inasmuch as the pigs did well on this ratio it suggests its approximation in practice.</p

Raising orphan pigs—II, Modifying cows' whole milk with sugar and cream; Heat treatment of cows' whole milk; Vitamin modification of cows' whole milk

Summary for Series V High cream (butterfat) modification of cows' whole milk was found undesirable. Disastrous results followed the feeding of milk rich in fat. The pigs receiving this high fat milk all died. These results corroborated the work of others. Sugar modification of cows' whole milk, while better than cream (butterfat) modification, was not advantageous. Cows' whole milk appeared to be a splendid feed for young orphan pigs when fed in conjunction with shelled corn, meat meal tankage and block salt, self-fed, free-choice style. Summary for Series VI Straight whole raw milk appeared to hold its own in this test with the other milk preparations. The lot fed on pasteurized milk showed up especially well, which may have resulted partly because only one pig was left in this lot; he was a very good individual. The lot receiving milk (brought to the boiling point) likewise, had only one pig left at the end of the experiment. He was an especially good individual, and this fact was influential in building up the average for this lot. Lot IV, receiving milk (boiled five minutes) had two pigs at the end of the experiment which did not show up as well in all respects as Lot I. Because one of the pigs in Lot IV became very lame and unthrifty at the close of the milk feeding period, we wonder whether the boiling may not have reduced the vitamin content of the milk, causing the lame condition. Summary for Series VII The addition of vitamin carriers, to the ration of whole milk, shelled corn, meat meal tankage and salt fed to orphan pigs was apparently attended with success. All the pigs receiving vitamin feeds showed the good effects of this supplementation. However, it cannot be definitely stated that the results were due entirely to the vitamins of the additions. The vitamin substances also carried proteins and minerals and these may have been factors in promoting the better results. The results obtained are suggestive. While the orange juice fed pigs made a slightly greater gain and more economical utilization of feeds than the tomato juice fed pigs, this advantage was very slight. Since the tomato fed pigs were smoother in conformation and had stronger, straighter legs, we consider the tomato juice was slightly superior to the orange juice. However, ' the difference in quantity should be considered; the tomato juice was fed in three times the volume of orange juice. The addition of one egg per pig daily to the basal check ration showed up advantageously. These pigs had fairly strong pasterns and straight legs, but were not as uniform in conformation as the others. The feeding of wheat embryos was apparently successful. Since these culled out pigs were so much smaller and less promising at the start, results of the wheat germ feeding are encouraging.</p

Floods of March 1982, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio /

Bibliography: p. 35.Mode of access: Internet

Agricultural Research Bulletins, Nos. 80–88

Volume 6, Bulletins 80-88. (80) Volatile Acids Produced by Starters and by Organisms Isolated from Them; (81) Studies on Streptococcus Paracitrovorus Group; (82) Transmissibility and Pathological Effects of the Mosaic Disease; (83) Raising Orphan Pigs--II. Modifying Cows' Whole Milk with Sugar and Cream, Heat Treatment of Cows' Whole Milk, Vitamin Modification of Cows' Whole Milk; (84) Basisporium Dry Rot of Corn; (85) Part I--Influence on Starters of Air Supply, Temperature of Incubation, and Rate of Ripening; (86) Studies in Iodine Feeding Part I--Potassium Iodide Feeding Beneficial to Young Swine; (87) Study of the Secondary Effects of Hill Fertilization; (88) Farm Organization and Farm Profits in Tama County, Iowa</p