Design and Development of an acoustic positioning system for a cubic kilometre underwater neutrino telescope

En los últimos años los telescopios submarinos de neutrinos han cobrado una mayor importancia ya que consisten en un nuevo y único instrumento para observar el Universo. Los neutrinos son partículas sin carga e interactúan muy débilmente con la materia que les rodean, pueden escaparse fácilmente de la fuente que los ha producidos y llegar a La Tierra sin ser desviada por los campo magnético y sin interactuar con otras partículas. Esto implica que los neutrinos pueden traer informaciones astrofísicas que otros mensajeros no pueden aportar y abrir una potencial ventana hacia el Universo. Por otro lado, su baja interacción con la materia impone la necesidad de construir un detector de grandes dimensiones del orden de 1 km3 utilizando volumen de agua o hielo y con muchos sensores ópticos para detectar esta interacción de neutrino de alta energía. Un método para detectar neutrinos es a través de la luz Cherenkov emitida por el muon generado después de una interacción de neutrino. Esta partícula, al atravesar el detector con una velocidad superior a la luz en el medio, genera una débil luz azulada llamada radiación de Cherenkov que es detectada por una red de sensores ópticos (fotomultiplicadores). El tiempo de llegada de la luz a los fotomultiplicadores puede ser utilizado para reconstruir la traza del muon y consecuentemente del neutrino que lo ha producido. La precisión en la reconstrucción de la traza del muon depende de la precisión en la medida del tiempo de llegada de la luz y en la precisión en de la posición de los sensores ópticos en el detector. Por esta razón, en telescopios submarinos es necesario un sistema de posicionamiento acústico (APS) capaz de monitorizar el movimiento de los sensores ópticos con una precisión de ~10 cm. Los estudios realizados están enmarcados dentro de las actividades de calibración de posicionamiento acústico en dos colaboraciones europeas para el diseño, construcción y operación de telescopios submarinos de neutrinos en el MediterLarosa ., G. (2012). Design and Development of an acoustic positioning system for a cubic kilometre underwater neutrino telescope [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/16877Palanci

Acoustic Transmitters for Underwater Neutrino Telescopes

In this paper acoustic transmitters that were developed for use in underwater neutrino telescopes are presented. Firstly, an acoustic transceiver has been developed as part of the acoustic positioning system of neutrino telescopes. These infrastructures are not completely rigid and require a positioning system in order to monitor the position of the optical sensors which move due to sea currents. To guarantee a reliable and versatile system, the transceiver has the requirements of reduced cost, low power consumption, high pressure withstanding (up to 500 bars), high intensity for emission, low intrinsic noise, arbitrary signals for emission and the capacity of acquiring and processing received signals. Secondly, a compact acoustic transmitter array has been developed for the calibration of acoustic neutrino detection systems. The array is able to mimic the signature of ultra-high-energy neutrino interaction in emission directivity and signal shape. The technique of parametric acoustic sources has been used to achieve the proposed aim. The developed compact array has practical features such as easy manageability and operation. The prototype designs and the results of different tests are described. The techniques applied for these two acoustic systems are so powerful and versatile that may be of interest in other marine applications using acoustic transmitters.Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures,1 tabl

Obsidian from the Site of Piano dei Cardoni, Ustica (Palermo, Italy): Preliminary Results on the First Occupation of the Island

Abstract New investigations on Ustica (Palermo, Sicily) originated from the need to improve our knowledge of the island's archaeological and environmental heritage. Through field surveys, particular attention was paid to human occupation in the Neolithic phases and focused on the less investigated southern side of the island. The systematic survey of the area of Piano dei Cardoni in 2018 brought to light a new Middle/Late Neolithic site, already partially documented in the literature. The island was settled for the first time during these phases, as also testified from the area of Punta Spalmatore. The presence of Serra d'Alto, incised dark burnished, and Diana styles suggests that the site and the archaeological assemblage dates from the mid to late 5th millennium BC, as confirmed by AMS dating. In addition to pottery, obsidian artifacts were also recovered, and a preliminary study of these materials is presented here. Portable XRF analyses on a sample of 41 obsidian artifacts, representing a high percentage of the lithic assemblage compared to chert tools, show that the provenance of the raw material is Gabellotto Gorge (Lipari) and Balata dei Turchi (Pantelleria). These results provide new insight into broader regional debates about obsidian technology and its exchange during the Neolithic and open an important consideration for sites that are far from the raw material sources

R&D studies for the development of a compact transmitter able to mimic the acousticsignature of a UHE neutrino interaction

[EN] Calibration of acoustic neutrino telescopes with neutrino-like signals is essential to evaluate the feasibility of the technique and to know the efficiency of the detectors. However, it is not straightforward to have acoustic transmitters that, on one hand, are able to mimic the signature of a UHE neutrino interaction, that is, a bipolar acoustic pulse with the 'pancake' directivity, and on the other hand, fulfil practical issues such as ease of deployment and operation. This is a non-trivial problem since it requires directive transducer with cylindrical symmetry for a broadband frequency range. Classical solutions using linear arrays of acoustic transducers result in long arrays with many elements, which increase the cost and the complexity for deployment and operation. In this paper we present the extension of our previous R&D studies using the parametric acoustic source technique by dealing with the cylindrical symmetry and demonstrating that it is possible to use this technique for having a compact solution that could be much more easily included in neutrino telescope infrastructures or used in specific sea campaigns for calibration. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.This work has been supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacio´n (Spain Government), project references FPA2007- 63729, FPA2009-13983-C02-02, ACI2009-1067 and ConsoliderIngenio Multidark (CSD2009-00064). It has also being funded by Generalitat Valenciana, Prometeo/2009/26.Ardid Ramírez, M.; Adrián Martínez, S.; Bou Cabo, M.; Larosa, G.; Martínez Mora, JA.; Espinosa Roselló, V.; Camarena Femenia, F.... (2012). R&D studies for the development of a compact transmitter able to mimic the acousticsignature of a UHE neutrino interaction. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 662:206-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.11.139S20620966

Design and Status of the ELIMED Beam Line for Laser-Driven Ion Beams

Charged particle acceleration using ultra-intense and ultra-short laser pulses has gathered a strong interest in the scientific community and it is now one of the most attractive topics in the relativistic laser-plasma interaction research. Indeed, it could represent the future of particle acceleration and open new scenarios in multidisciplinary fields, in particular, medical applications. One of the biggest challenges consists of using, in a future perspective, high intensity laser-target interaction to generate high-energy ions for therapeutic purposes, eventually replacing the old paradigm of acceleration, characterized by huge and complex machines. The peculiarities of laser-driven beams led to develop new strategies and advanced techniques for transport, diagnostics and dosimetry of the accelerated particles, due to the wide energy spread, the angular divergence and the extremely intense pulses. In this framework, the realization of the ELIMED (ELI-Beamlines MEDical applications) beamline, developed by INFN-LNS (Catania, Italy) and installed in 2017 as a part of the ELIMAIA beamline at the ELI-Beamlines (Extreme Light Infrastructure Beamlines) facility in Prague, has the aim to investigate the feasibility of using laser-driven ion beams in multidisciplinary applications. ELIMED will represent the first user's open transport beam line where a controlled laser-driven ion beam will be used for multidisciplinary and medical studies. In this paper, an overview of the beamline, with a detailed description of the main transport elements, will be presented. Moreover, a description of the detectors dedicated to diagnostics and dosimetry will be reported, with some preliminary results obtained both with accelerator-driven and laser-driven beams

A first search for coincident gravitational waves and high energy neutrinos using LIGO, Virgo and ANTARES data from 2007

We present the results of the fi rst search for gravitational wave bursts associated with high energy neutrinos. Together, these messengers could reveal new, hidden sources that are not observed by conventional photon astronomy, particularly at high energy. Our search uses neutrinos detected by the underwater neutrino telescope ANTARES in its 5 line con guration during the period January - September 2007, which coincided with the fifth and fi rst science runs of LIGO and Virgo, respectively. The LIGO-Virgo data were analysed for candidate gravitational-wave signals coincident in time and direction with the neutrino events. No signi cant coincident events were observed. We place limits on the density of joint high energy neutrino - gravitational wave emission events in the local universe, and compare them with densities of merger and core-collapse events.The authors also acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies for the construction and operation of the ANTARES neutrino telescope: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'energie atomique et aux energies alternatives (CEA), Agence National de la Recherche (ANR), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN), Prometeo of Generalitat Valenciana (GVA) and Multi-Dark, Spain. They also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities. This publication has been assigned LIGO Document Number LIGO-P1200006.Adrián Martínez, S.; Ardid Ramírez, M.; Bou Cabo, M.; Ferri García, M.; Larosa, G.; Martínez Mora, JA.; Astraatmadja, T.... (2013). A first search for coincident gravitational waves and high energy neutrinos using LIGO, Virgo and ANTARES data from 2007. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2013(6):1-39. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2013/06/008S13920136Abadie, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Accadia, T., Acernese, F., Adhikari, R., … Ceron, E. A. (2010). SEARCH FOR GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE INSPIRAL SIGNALS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS DURING LIGO’S FIFTH AND VIRGO’S FIRST SCIENCE RUN. The Astrophysical Journal, 715(2), 1453-1461. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/715/2/1453Abadie, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abernathy, M., Accadia, T., Acernese, F., … Allen, B. (2012). Publisher’s Note: Search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence in LIGO and Virgo data from S5 and VSR1 [Phys. Rev. D82, 102001 (2010)]. Physical Review D, 85(8). doi:10.1103/physrevd.85.089903Abadie, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abernathy, M., Accadia, T., Acernese, F., … Allen, B. (2010). Predictions for the rates of compact binary coalescences observable by ground-based gravitational-wave detectors. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 27(17), 173001. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/27/17/173001Abadie, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abernathy, M., Accadia, T., Acernese, F., … Allen, B. (2011). SEARCH FOR GRAVITATIONAL WAVE BURSTS FROM SIX MAGNETARS. The Astrophysical Journal, 734(2), L35. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/734/2/l35Abadie, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abernathy, M., Accadia, T., … Affeldt, C. (2012). All-sky search for gravitational-wave bursts in the second joint LIGO-Virgo run. Physical Review D, 85(12). doi:10.1103/physrevd.85.122007Abadie, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abernathy, M., Accadia, T., … Affeldt, C. (2012). SEARCH FOR GRAVITATIONAL WAVES ASSOCIATED WITH GAMMA-RAY BURSTS DURING LIGO SCIENCE RUN 6 AND VIRGO SCIENCE RUNS 2 AND 3. The Astrophysical Journal, 760(1), 12. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/760/1/12Abadie, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abernathy, M., Accadia, T., … Affeldt, C. (2012). Search for gravitational waves from low mass compact binary coalescence in LIGO’s sixth science run and Virgo’s science runs 2 and 3. Physical Review D, 85(8). doi:10.1103/physrevd.85.082002Abbasi, R., Abdou, Y., Abu-Zayyad, T., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., … Baker, M. (2010). SEARCH FOR MUON NEUTRINOS FROM GAMMA-RAY BURSTS WITH THE IceCube NEUTRINO TELESCOPE. The Astrophysical Journal, 710(1), 346-359. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/710/1/346Abbasi, R., Abdou, Y., Abu-Zayyad, T., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., … Baker, M. 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TIME-DEPENDENT SEARCHES FOR POINT SOURCES OF NEUTRINOS WITH THE 40-STRING AND 22-STRING CONFIGURATIONS OF ICECUBE. The Astrophysical Journal, 744(1), 1. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/744/1/1Abbott, B., Abbott, R., Adhikari, R., Ajith, P., Allen, B., Allen, G., … Arain, M. A. (2008). Beating the Spin-Down Limit on Gravitational Wave Emission from the Crab Pulsar. The Astrophysical Journal, 683(1), L45-L49. doi:10.1086/591526Abbott, B., Abbott, R., Adhikari, R., Ajith, P., Allen, B., Allen, G., … Arain, M. A. (2008). Search for Gravitational-Wave Bursts from Soft Gamma Repeaters. Physical Review Letters, 101(21). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.101.211102Abbott, B., Abbott, R., Adhikari, R., Agresti, J., Ajith, P., Allen, B., … Arain, M. (2008). Search for gravitational waves associated with 39 gamma-ray bursts using data from the second, third, and fourth LIGO runs. Physical Review D, 77(6). doi:10.1103/physrevd.77.062004Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Adhikari, R., Ajith, P., Allen, B., Allen, G., … Arain, M. A. (2009). First LIGO search for gravitational wave bursts from cosmic (super)strings. Physical Review D, 80(6). doi:10.1103/physrevd.80.062002Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Adhikari, R., Ajith, P., Allen, B., Allen, G., … Arain, M. A. (2009). LIGO: the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory. Reports on Progress in Physics, 72(7), 076901. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/72/7/076901Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Adhikari, R., Ajith, P., Allen, B., Allen, G., … Arain, M. A. (2009). STACKED SEARCH FOR GRAVITATIONAL WAVES FROM THE 2006 SGR 1900+14 STORM. The Astrophysical Journal, 701(2), L68-L74. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/701/2/l68Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Acernese, F., Adhikari, R., Ajith, P., Allen, B., … Anderson, S. B. (2010). SEARCH FOR GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE BURSTS ASSOCIATED WITH GAMMA-RAY BURSTS USING DATA FROM LIGO SCIENCE RUN 5 AND VIRGO SCIENCE RUN 1. 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Search for neutrino emission from gamma-ray flaring blazars with the ANTARES telescope. Astroparticle Physics, 36(1), 204-210. doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.06.001Adrián-Martínez, S., Al Samarai, I., Albert, A., André, M., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., … Aubert, J.-J. (2012). SEARCH FOR COSMIC NEUTRINO POINT SOURCES WITH FOUR YEARS OF DATA FROM THE ANTARES TELESCOPE. The Astrophysical Journal, 760(1), 53. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/760/1/53Adrián-Martínez, S., Al Samarai, I., Albert, A., André, M., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., … Aubert, J.-J. (2012). Measurement of atmospheric neutrino oscillations with the ANTARES neutrino telescope. Physics Letters B, 714(2-5), 224-230. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.07.002Ageron, M., Aguilar, J. A., Al Samarai, I., Albert, A., Ameli, F., André, M., … Ardid, M. (2011). ANTARES: The first undersea neutrino telescope. 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Clinical and Research Activities at the CATANA Facility of INFN-LNS: From the Conventional Hadrontherapy to the Laser-Driven Approach

The CATANA proton therapy center was the first Italian clinical facility making use of energetic (62 MeV) proton beams for the radioactive treatment of solid tumors. Since the date of the first patient treatment in 2002, 294 patients have been successful treated whose majority was affected by choroidal and iris melanomas. In this paper, we report on the current clinical and physical status of the CATANA facility describing the last dosimetric studies and reporting on the last patient follow-up results. The last part of the paper is dedicated to the description of the INFN-LNS ongoing activities on the realization of a beamline for the transport of laser-accelerated ion beams for future applications. The ELIMED (ELI-Beamlines MEDical and multidisciplinary applications) project is introduced and the main scientific aspects will be described

Event reconstruction for KM3NeT/ORCA using convolutional neural networks

The KM3NeT research infrastructure is currently under construction at two locations in the Mediterranean Sea. The KM3NeT/ORCA water-Cherenkov neutrino detector off the French coast will instrument several megatons of seawater with photosensors. Its main objective is the determination of the neutrino mass ordering. This work aims at demonstrating the general applicability of deep convolutional neural networks to neutrino telescopes, using simulated datasets for the KM3NeT/ORCA detector as an example. To this end, the networks are employed to achieve reconstruction and classification tasks that constitute an alternative to the analysis pipeline presented for KM3NeT/ORCA in the KM3NeT Letter of Intent. They are used to infer event reconstruction estimates for the energy, the direction, and the interaction point of incident neutrinos. The spatial distribution of Cherenkov light generated by charged particles induced in neutrino interactions is classified as shower- or track-like, and the main background processes associated with the detection of atmospheric neutrinos are recognized. Performance comparisons to machine-learning classification and maximum-likelihood reconstruction algorithms previously developed for KM3NeT/ORCA are provided. It is shown that this application of deep convolutional neural networks to simulated datasets for a large-volume neutrino telescope yields competitive reconstruction results and performance improvements with respect to classical approaches