Gut microbiome and blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review

ObjectiveThe risk of developing micro- and macrovascular complications is higher for individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Numerous studies have indicated variations in gut microbial composition between healthy individuals and those with T1D. These changes in the gut ecosystem may lead to inflammation, modifications in intestinal permeability, and alterations in metabolites. Such effects can collectively impact the metabolic regulation system, thereby influencing blood glucose control. This review aims to explore the relationship between the gut microbiome, inflammation, and blood glucose parameters in patients with T1D.MethodsGoogle Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically searched from 2003 to 2023 using the following keywords: “gut microbiota,” “gut microbiome,” “bacteria,” “T1D,” “type 1 diabetes,” “autoimmune diabetes,” “glycemic control,” “glucose control,” “HbA1c,” “inflammation,” “inflammatory,” and “cytokine.” The examination has shown 18,680 articles with relevant keywords. After the exclusion of irrelevant articles, seven observational papers showed a distinct gut microbial signature in T1D patients.ResultsThis review shows that, in T1D patients, HbA1c level was negatively correlated with abundance of Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, and Ruminococcaceae and positively correlated with abundance of Dorea formicigenerans, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillales, and Bacteriodes. Instead, Bifidobacteria was negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose. In addition, there was a positive correlation between Clostridiaceae and time in range. Furthermore, a positive correlation between inflammatory parameters and gut dysbiosis was revealed in T1D patients.ConclusionWe draw the conclusion that the gut microbiome profiles of T1D patients and healthy controls differ. Patients with T1D may experience leaky gut, bacterial translocation, inflammation, and poor glucose management due to microbiome dysbiosis. Direct manipulation of the gut microbiome in humans and its effects on gut permeability and glycemic control, however, have not been thoroughly investigated. Future research should therefore thoroughly examine other potential pathophysiological mechanisms in larger studies

Mudanças da estruttura familiar em um contexto migratório

Il saggio presenta un’analisi comparata dei mutamenti nella struttura famigliare delle famiglie di origine italiana e tedesca dopo un secolo di permanenza negli Stati di Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Caterina in Brasile. La ricerca si basa su un questionario prestrutturato, somministrato ad un campione casuale e rappresentativo (stratificato per sesso, età e insediamento urbano o rurale) di 2.400 individui, dei quali due terzi discendenti di italiani e un terzo discendenti di tedeschi. Gli aspetti indagati e dei quali si esaminano i mutamenti riguardano: le tendenze demografiche, l’endogamia/esogamia etnica dei matrimoni, i modelli famigliari predominanti, la conoscenza e l’uso della lingua del paese d’origine e di quella del paese ospitante, il livello d’istruzione media conseguito, il settore e il livello ricoperto nell’attività lavorativa ed, infine, la mobilità sociale e geografica

Paradigmi della società globale e invasione degli spazi di vita quotidiana

After introducing the concept of globalisation, in the first part of this paper the author reviews the work of sociologists who have developed the study of modernisation to examine the features of contemporary social change revolving around the various paradigms of interpretation of the nascent global society in the 1990s. The second part goes on to exemplify some consequences of globalisation on two levels: macrostructural, with reference to practical economic consequences, and the changes that have overtaken human spaces in everyday lifeNella prima parte del paper dopo aver introdotto il concetto di globalizzazione, l’autore fa seguire un rapido excursus del pensiero dei sociologi che, a partire dallo studio della modernizzazione, si sono spinti ad approfondire i caratteri del mutamento sociale contemporaneo partendo dai diversi paradigmi d’interpretazione della nascente società globale degli anni ’90. Nella seconda parte del saggio si esemplificano alcune conseguenze della globalizzazione non solo sul piano macrostrutturale, con riferimento alle conseguenze registrate dalla concreta vita economica, ma anche sul piano dei mutamenti della vita quotidian

Anorectal Function with High-Resolution Anorectal Manometry in Active Ulcerative Colitis and after Remission: A Pilot Study

Ulcerative colitis may impair anorectal function, causing disabling symptoms such as incontinence and/or increase in the stool frequency, urgency and tenesmus. Data on anorectal function in these patients evaluated by conventional anorectal manometry are conflicting