Morphology and paleobiology of the Late Cretaceous large-sized shark Cretodus crassidens (Dixon, 1850) (Neoselachii; Lamniformes)

The definition of the Cretaceous shark genus Cretodus Sokolov, 1965 is primarily based on isolated teeth. This genus includes five species. Among these, Cretodus houghtonorum Shimada and Everhart, 2019 is the only species based on a partially preserved skeleton. Here, the taxonomic attribution of a virtually complete skeleton of Cretodus from the Turonian of northeastern Italy is discussed, together with a few specimens from the Turonian of England. One of the latter is investigated through micropaleontological analysis to determine its stratigraphic position. The material is referred to Cretodus crassidens (Dixon, 1850), the diagnosis of which is emended herein. The dentition is tentatively reconstructed, exhibiting strong similarities with congeneric species, although it differs in having strong vertical folds on the main cusp labial face, a mesiodistally broad tooth aspect, weak and well-spaced 'costulae' at crown base, and a different dental formula in the number of parasymphyseal and lateral rows. Some tooth malformations are interpreted as feeding-related or senile characters. The Italian specimen suggests that Cretodus crassidens had a wide and laterally expanded mouth and head, a stout body, and attained a gigantic size. Cretodus crassidens was a moderate-speed swimming shark ecologically like the extant tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron and Lesueur in Lesueur, 1822). The age estimate from vertebral-band counting suggests that the Italian individual was at least 23 years old and the growth model indicates a longevity of 64 years and a maximum attainable total length of 9-11 m. Cretodus crassidens occurs both in Boreal and Tethyan domains, implying a broad paleobiogeographic distribution and a preference toward offshore settings

La « Ruga delle Pescherie » de Bologne au XVIIIe siècle : conflits et transactions

The « Ruga delle Pescherie » in Bologna in the Eighteenth Century : Conflicts and Compromise The starting-point for this study is a dispute between fishmongers and the wholesale merchants who controlled fishing and the conveyance offish to the city. The norms and practices associated with the fish trade are analysed and detailed documentation of the quarrel offered. This permits a close reconstruction of the day-to-day running of the market at a time of lively conflict. From this there emerges a clear picture of complicated relations between norm and behaviourGiusberti Fabio. La « Ruga delle Pescherie » de Bologne au XVIIIe siècle : conflits et transactions. In: Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 38ᵉ année, N. 2, 1983. pp. 402-408

The riddle of secrecy

Central to this work is a product. We all know that things have a broader significance than their mere utility: man-made goods comprise and express a dense web of semantic relations. I propose taking a trip through the universe of invention, by which I mean not a machine or a manufacturing process but a product. I will be illustrating the techniques, materials and colours that go to form and distinguish man-made artefacts, but also the intrigues, threats and superstitions lurking around the a..

Mobilité de la population en territoire urbain : un secteur de Bologne dans les années 1816 et 1820

Objective of the essay is to contribute to the reconstruction of the « urban landscape » of eighteen century Bologna. Its spécifie focus is on the mobility of family nucleus. A « mobility map » referring to a small portion of the urban territory has been constructed by crossing démographie and topographie datas.Le but de ce travail est de contribuer à la reconstruction du « paysage celui de la mobilité des noyaux familiaux. A travers le croisement des sources démographiques, j'ai construit la « carte de la mobilité » d'une partie du territoire urbain.Giusberti Fabio. Mobilité de la population en territoire urbain : un secteur de Bologne dans les années 1816 et 1820. In: Annales de démographie historique, 1982. Villes du passé. pp. 183-190

Economy and Demography. Growth, Innovation, Crisis and Catastrophe: 12th-14th Centuries

il capitolo \ue8 una riflessione su economia e popolazione nella bologna medievale a partire da fonti edite e letteratura specifica.Bologna strongly fits the model of the so-called urban revolution, a process that took off between the tenth and eleventh centuries and involved the European cities in a dynamic of great renewal and development. That phenomenon which Rondo Cameron defines as the first European \u2018logistic\u2019 took off at the beginning of the millennium, drew to an end between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and collapsed with the Black Death of 1348. A second long logistic followed the first, this one characterized by the same dynamic profile, taking off in the fifteenth century and descending in the seventeenth century, then recovering until taking off again with the Industrial Revolution. This broad diachronic sequence is characterized by an imposing accumulation of innovations, which developed in many sectors, from the institutional and political to the technological. The process was not linear, often contradicting itself and distributing itself like the spots on a leopard, in a geography that was in continuous evolution and saw its center of gravity move from southern to northern Europe. Bologna belongs fully within this dynamic, following a path that led to its becoming, in a phase of growth, one of the most important of European cities. It experimented with a negotiated form of political autonomy and invented the university, beginning with the rediscovery of law. It expanded, enlarging its circle of walls, redesigning its internal road map, carrying hydraulic energy into the city and gaining a leadership role in the silk industry. The great innovations and great investments that carried it into the heart of the European process of development and socioeconomic growth from then on had diverse reactions in the face of crisis. Our research will seek to analyze these areas of development, emphasizing possible intersections and diverse responses to crisis, and underlining problematic nodes and interpretive hypotheses

The attribution of intentionality: the role of skill and morality

The present study contributes to the discussion on the different components which constitute the intentionality concept about an undesired side effect, focusing on the morality and the skill. Two hundred and forty participants were asked to read a brief story about a car accident, in which it was explained the motivation of the high speed and objective and subjective skill of the agent to drive the car, and to fill in six questions about intentionality, objective risk, mental representation of risk, risk acceptance and blameworthiness for the outcome. The principal results showed that when the motivation is morally negative, people judge the side effect more intentional, also because they make more severe judgments about risk and blameworthiness. Moreover, when people are objectively proficient to perform the action (objective skill) the side effect is considered less risky and intentional and, in the case of a negative outcome, they are judged less severely than if they have a poor ability. Finally, a self-assessment of low skill to make the action (subjective skill) leads people to assess higher risks and, consequently, more intentionality for the side effect. The results are discussed on the basis of the literature about some specific components that make up the intentionality concept