Latin oboedio: between phonological explanation and diastratic variation

If we accept the origin of oboedio as a compound of ob and audio, the result is completely clear from the semantic point of view but unexpected from the phonological one. In fact, the diphthong oe is not justifid as a result of reduction (it should be *obūdio, like inclūdo and preclūdo from claudo, and defrdo from frudo, etc.) or of other changes. Th phonological hypothesis is mostly founded on reconstruction of the ancient stages of audio, probably from *aṷizdii̯ ō (ób-aṷizdii̯ō > *oboṷizdii̯ō > *oboizdii̯ō > oboedio). Instead, a second explanation considers oboedio a hypercorrected form of an original that has not survived: *obūdio. Ths paper aims to analyse these reconstructions and selects the only one that would seem to yield effctive results. Using evidence from a sociolinguistic perspective, it explains that oboedio contains a form of hypercorrection, probably invented by middleclass speakers, involving the archaizing and ennobling power of the diphthong oe, which the overall conservatism of Latinity, and in particular of some institutions and uses, (law and religion) may have kept alive

AURIS, AUDIO E AUSCULTO. REVISIONE ETIMOLOGICA E HISTOIRE DES MOTS

In this paper two etymologies are revisited: Latin audio and ausculto. Thse verbs are both clearly connected. Thy remotely derivate their form from the name of the ear, namely the Latin root *aus-. After dealing with the Indo-European comparisons of Latin auris ‘ear’, I discuss the complex etymology of audio by reviewing all the phonological explanations. For this issue two main possible solutions are reviewed: on the one hand that from *aṷizdii̯ō so that audio < *aṷis + *dh-ie/o- ‘to render manifest to hearing’. On the other hand that which directly derives from *aus- (i.e. *ausdii̯ō) so that audio < *aus + *dh-ie/o- ‘to give/put ear’. Ausculto is traditionally explained as *aus- ‘ear’ + *cult-ō, reversal for *cluto ‘hear’ (cf. Latin clueo, inclitus) so that ‘hear with the ear’, as the analogous formation of Greek ὠτακουστέω ‘listen with the ears’. Instead of supposing such an improbable collocation of two items, I assume a simpler derivation as an intensive-frequentative verb from the denominative of the diminutive of *aus-, i.e. *aus- ‘ear’ > dim. *ausculum > denom. *ausculio > int.-freq. ausculto, according to the popular use in Latin ofausculto. In all these cases it is important to underline the productivity in Latin of the root *aus-, which underlies auris, audio and ausculto

Efficacy of a new technique - INtubate-RECruit-SURfactant-Extubate - "IN-REC-SUR-E" - in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Although beneficial in clinical practice, the INtubate-SURfactant-Extubate (IN-SUR-E) method is not successful in all preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome, with a reported failure rate ranging from 19 to 69&nbsp;%. One of the possible mechanisms responsible for the unsuccessful IN-SUR-E method, requiring subsequent re-intubation and mechanical ventilation, is the inability of the preterm lung to achieve and maintain an "optimal" functional residual capacity. The importance of lung recruitment before surfactant administration has been demonstrated in animal studies showing that recruitment leads to a more homogeneous surfactant distribution within the lungs. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the application of a recruitment maneuver using the high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) modality just before the surfactant administration followed by rapid extubation (INtubate-RECruit-SURfactant-Extubate: IN-REC-SUR-E) with IN-SUR-E alone in spontaneously breathing preterm infants requiring nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) as initial respiratory support and reaching pre-defined CPAP failure criteria. Methods/design: In this study, 206 spontaneously breathing infants born at 24+0-27+6 weeks' gestation and failing nCPAP during the first 24&nbsp;h of life, will be randomized to receive an HFOV recruitment maneuver (IN-REC-SUR-E) or no recruitment maneuver (IN-SUR-E) just prior to surfactant administration followed by prompt extubation. The primary outcome is the need for mechanical ventilation within the first 3&nbsp;days of life. Infants in both groups will be considered to have reached the primary outcome when they are not extubated within 30&nbsp;min after surfactant administration or when they meet the nCPAP failure criteria after extubation. Discussion: From all available data no definitive evidence exists about a positive effect of recruitment before surfactant instillation, but a rationale exists for testing the following hypothesis: a lung recruitment maneuver performed with a step-by-step Continuous Distending Pressure increase during High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (and not with a sustained inflation) could have a positive effects in terms of improved surfactant distribution and consequent its major efficacy in preterm newborns with respiratory distress syndrome. This represents our challenge. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02482766. Registered on 1 June 2015

La complementazione dei verbi di percezione in latino

La complementazione frasale si distingue dalla subordinazione a satellite (causali, finali, relative, ecc.) per il fatto di dipendere solo da un numero ristretto di predicati: verba dicendi, cogitandi, cognoscendi, sentiendi, affectuum. Questa proprietà fa sì che lo studio della complementazione miri necessariamente a indagare il piano di interazione fra proprietà semantiche dei predicati reggenti e forme sintattiche (interfaccia lessico-sintassi). Ambito di indagine di questo studio è la classe dei verbi di percezione in latino e l’intero repertorio di frasi complemento: 39 predicati percettivi per quattro costruzioni (infinitiva, participiale, interrogativa indiretta e ut / ne e congiuntivo), al fine di porre in relazione da un lato i tratti semantici salienti dei singoli predicati (dominio sensoriale di appartenenza, volontarietà o involontarietà della percezione, intensità della percezione, aspetto prevalente e azionalità, direzionalità della percezione nel caso della vista, significati metaforici e metonimici) con le funzioni che i pattern sintattici codificano (funzione percettiva, epistemica, interrogativa e iussiva). La funzione percettiva, espressa in latino da infinitive e participiali, e quella epistemica (percezione indiretta), codificata invece esclusivamente dalla frase infinitiva, che rappresentano le due funzioni fondamentali nella sintassi dei verbi di percezione in molte lingue del mondo, sono state indagate negli aspetti quantitativi e qualitativi, da un lato calcolando la distribuzione di questi schemi sintattici negli autori latini presi in esame, dall’altro elicitando le caratteristiche morfosintattiche e semantiche che selezionano l’una o l’altra funzione (percettiva o epistemica). L’indagine è stata condotta su un corpus di opere latine che va dall’età di Plauto (III a.C.) al V d.C. per un totale di ca. 500 mila parole, che include testi sensibili alle indagini sul latino non-classico, in modo tale da fornire una base di partenza per future ricerche sullo sviluppo di queste costruzioni in ambito proto-romanzo e romanzo. English version What distinguishes the complementation from satellite subordination (causal, scope, relative clauses, etc.), is the fact that just a selected number of predicates can take it, namely verba dicendi, cogitandi, cognoscendi, sentiendi, affectuum. As a consequence of this assumption, it becomes necessary to investigate the interaction between the semantic features of the matrix predicates and the syntactic patterns (lexical-syntactic interface). My research investigates the class of perception verbs in Latin language and all the possible clausal combinations, i.e. thirty-nine perceptive predicates and four construction types (infinitive, participial, interrogative and ut / ne with subjunctive), in order to connect semantic features of every predicate (sense, intentionality of perception, intensity, aspect and Aktionsart, directionality of the visual perception, metaphoric and metonymic meanings), to the different functions that syntactic patterns code (perceptive, epistemic, interrogative, imperative functions). Perceptive and epistemic functions, coded to varying degree in Latin by infinitive and participial clauses, are cross-linguistically the two main functions in the syntax of perception verbs. They were considered both in the quantitative and qualitative aspects, namely the frequency distribution of all these syntactic patterns over the centuries, and the morphosyntactic and semantic contexts in the two interpretations (perceptive or epistemic). To this purpose, I used a five-hundred thousand word-corpus of selected Latin texts ranging from the age of Plautus (3rd -2nd B.C.) to the age of Augustine (5th A.D.). This corpus, which includes works thought to be related to non-classical Latin, could represent a support for further studies in the proto-Romance and Romance field

Limits of the quasiharmonic approximation in MgO: Volume dependence of optical modes investigated by infrared reflectivity and ab initio calculations

International audienceExperimental and numerical investigation of phonon optical modes of MgO as a function of temperature (from 300 to 1400 K) and pressure (from 0 to 21 GPa) are here presented. Infrared reflectivity measurements were performed to probe energies and widths of the optical phonons, as well as of the multiphonon processes affecting the spectral shape, over a variation of the unit cell volume exceeding 20%. Calculations within quasi harmonic approximation (QHA) account well for the volume dependence of the optical phonon energies observed in highpressure experiments, while they fail at larger volumes, corresponding to the highest investigated temperatures. Moreover, QHA calculations more closely predict energies of transverse optical (TO) modes than those of longitudinal optical (LO) ones. This can be ascribed to known limitations in the modeling of the effective charges (*) and dielectric constant (∞) that lead to an underestimation of the LO-TO splitting. Based on the comparison of our experimental and theoretical results, we propose an empirical analytical expression for * 2 ⁄ ∞ as a function of the atomic cell volume. Density-functional perturbation theory including phonon-phonon scattering up to the third order of the lattice potential expansion is used to calculate phonon widths. These calculations reproduce and explain remarkably well the non-trivial volume dependence of both TO and LO phonons linewidths determined by the experiments

Long-term proactive management of psoriasis with calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate foam: an Italian consensus through a combined nominal group technique and Delphi approach

none85Background: Although long-term management of psoriasis is paramount, this approach is challenging in clinical practice. In the recent PSO-LONG trial, a fixed-dose combination of betamethasone dipropionate (BD) and calcipotriol (Cal) foam applied twice a week on non-consecutive days for 52 weeks (proactive treatment) reduced the risk of relapse. However, the role of Cal/BD foam in the long-term management of psoriasis needs further clarifications. The ProActive Management (PAM) program, a nationwide Italian project, aims at reaching a consensus on the role of proactive management of psoriasis. Methods: A steering committee generated some statements through the nominal group technique (NGT). The statements were voted by an expert panel in an adapted Delphi voting process. Results: Eighteen statements were proposed, and the majority of them (14/18) reached a consensus during the Delphi voting. The need to provide long-term proactive topical treatment to reduce the risk of relapse for the treatment of challenging diseases sites or in patients where phototherapy or systemic therapies are contraindicated/ineffective was widely recognized. A consensus was reached about the possibility to associate the proactive treatment with systemic and biological therapies, without the need for dose intensification, thus favoring a prolonged remission. Moreover, the proactive treatment was recognized as more effective than weekend therapy in increasing time free from relapses. Approaches to improve adherence, on the other hand, need further investigation. Conclusions: The inclusion in guidelines of a proactive strategy among the effective treatment options will be a fundamental step in the evolution of a mild-moderate psoriasis therapeutic approach.noneDe Simone, Clara; Dapavo, Paolo; Malagoli, Piergiorgio; Martella, Alessandro; Campanati, Anna; Campione, Elena; Errichetti, Enzo; Franchi, Chiara; Gambardella, Alessio; Megna, Matteo; Osti, Federica; Ribero, Simone; Zagni, Giovanni; Calzavara-Pinton, Piergiacomo; Fabbrocini, Gabriella; Amoruso, Giuseppe Fabrizio; Baglieri, Francesco; Biamonte, Anna Silvia; Bianchelli, Tommaso; Bigi, Laura; Bortoli, Jarno; Brunetti, Bruno; Buligan, Cinzia; Cagni, Elisabetta; Calderoni, Ombretta; Calzavara-Pinton, Piergiacomo; Campanati, Anna; Caputo, Alighiero; Carrera, Carlo Giovanni; Carugno, Andrea; Chersi, Karin; Cicchelli, Stefano; De Natale, Flora; De Simone, Clara; Dapavo, Paolo; Di Maria, Domenico; Errichetti, Enzo; Fabbrocini, Gabriella; Ferrari, Angelo Salvatore; Fogli, Emanuela; Forconi, Riccardo; Franchi, Chiara; Galeazzi, Augusto; Gambardella, Alessio; Giovannini, Andrea; Giura, Maria Teresa; Iuculano, Massimo; Lazzaretti, Giuseppe; Leporati, Claudia; Magnanini, Massimiliano; Malagoli, Piergiorgio; Marconi, Barbara; Martella, Alessandro; Maruccia, Adriana; Megna, Matteo; Miglietta, Roberta; Minuti, Anna; Mocci, Luigi; Modica, Sonia; Narcisi, Alessandra; Odorici, Giulia; Osti, Federica; Pazzaglia, Massimiliano; Peila, Rossana; Pertusi, Ginevra; Pezza, Michele; Pezzullo, Elio; Puccia, Nunzio; Raulo, Umberto; Ribero, Simone; Rossi, Mariateresa; Rusignuolo, Sergio; Sapienza, Giada; Savarese, Catello; Scalisi, Mariaelena; Strippoli, Davide; Stroppiana, Elena; Tiberio, Rossana; Trischitta, Antonino; Tucci, Maria Giovanna; Vaira, Fabrizio; Verrone, Anna; Villa, Lucia; Zagni, Fabio; Zoccali, AndreaDe Simone, Clara; Dapavo, Paolo; Malagoli, Piergiorgio; Martella, Alessandro; Campanati, Anna; Campione, Elena; Errichetti, Enzo; Franchi, Chiara; Gambardella, Alessio; Megna, Matteo; Osti, Federica; Ribero, Simone; Zagni, Giovanni; Calzavara-Pinton, Piergiacomo; Fabbrocini, Gabriella; Amoruso, Giuseppe Fabrizio; Baglieri, Francesco; Biamonte, Anna Silvia; Bianchelli, Tommaso; Bigi, Laura; Bortoli, Jarno; Brunetti, Bruno; Buligan, Cinzia; Cagni, Elisabetta; Calderoni, Ombretta; Calzavara-Pinton, Piergiacomo; Campanati, Anna; Caputo, Alighiero; Carrera, Carlo Giovanni; Carugno, Andrea; Chersi, Karin; Cicchelli, Stefano; De Natale, Flora; De Simone, Clara; Dapavo, Paolo; Di Maria, Domenico; Errichetti, Enzo; Fabbrocini, Gabriella; Ferrari, Angelo Salvatore; Fogli, Emanuela; Forconi, Riccardo; Franchi, Chiara; Galeazzi, Augusto; Gambardella, Alessio; Giovannini, Andrea; Giura, Maria Teresa; Iuculano, Massimo; Lazzaretti, Giuseppe; Leporati, Claudia; Magnanini, Massimiliano; Malagoli, Piergiorgio; Marconi, Barbara; Martella, Alessandro; Maruccia, Adriana; Megna, Matteo; Miglietta, Roberta; Minuti, Anna; Mocci, Luigi; Modica, Sonia; Narcisi, Alessandra; Odorici, Giulia; Osti, Federica; Pazzaglia, Massimiliano; Peila, Rossana; Pertusi, Ginevra; Pezza, Michele; Pezzullo, Elio; Puccia, Nunzio; Raulo, Umberto; Ribero, Simone; Rossi, Mariateresa; Rusignuolo, Sergio; Sapienza, Giada; Savarese, Catello; Scalisi, Mariaelena; Strippoli, Davide; Stroppiana, Elena; Tiberio, Rossana; Trischitta, Antonino; Tucci, Maria Giovanna; Vaira, Fabrizio; Verrone, Anna; Villa, Lucia; Zagni, Fabio; Zoccali, Andre

Efficacy of a new technique - INtubate-RECruit-SURfactant-Extubate - "IN-REC-SUR-E" - in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Although beneficial in clinical practice, the INtubate-SURfactant-Extubate (IN-SUR-E) method is not successful in all preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome, with a reported failure rate ranging from 19 to 69 %. One of the possible mechanisms responsible for the unsuccessful IN-SUR-E method, requiring subsequent re-intubation and mechanical ventilation, is the inability of the preterm lung to achieve and maintain an "optimal" functional residual capacity. The importance of lung recruitment before surfactant administration has been demonstrated in animal studies showing that recruitment leads to a more homogeneous surfactant distribution within the lungs. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the application of a recruitment maneuver using the high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) modality just before the surfactant administration followed by rapid extubation (INtubate-RECruit-SURfactant-Extubate: IN-REC-SUR-E) with IN-SUR-E alone in spontaneously breathing preterm infants requiring nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) as initial respiratory support and reaching pre-defined CPAP failure criteria. METHODS/DESIGN: In this study, 206 spontaneously breathing infants born at 24(+0)-27(+6) weeks' gestation and failing nCPAP during the first 24 h of life, will be randomized to receive an HFOV recruitment maneuver (IN-REC-SUR-E) or no recruitment maneuver (IN-SUR-E) just prior to surfactant administration followed by prompt extubation. The primary outcome is the need for mechanical ventilation within the first 3 days of life. Infants in both groups will be considered to have reached the primary outcome when they are not extubated within 30 min after surfactant administration or when they meet the nCPAP failure criteria after extubation. DISCUSSION: From all available data no definitive evidence exists about a positive effect of recruitment before surfactant instillation, but a rationale exists for testing the following hypothesis: a lung recruitment maneuver performed with a step-by-step Continuous Distending Pressure increase during High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (and not with a sustained inflation) could have a positive effects in terms of improved surfactant distribution and consequent its major efficacy in preterm newborns with respiratory distress syndrome. This represents our challenge. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02482766 . Registered on 1 June 2015