O turismo e a sua implicação ambiental: análise a partir da observação do uso turístico - o caso de Faro, Portugal.

The tourist development in the Algarve represented an important element of change offering significant economic advantages and opportunities for tourism and other sectors. However, the environmental impacts and their social implication are not always ideally perceived. The present study refers to an analysis of Ria Formosa's uses of tourism in Faro, with an associated evaluation of possible environmental impact registers. The results reinforce the need to evaluate the possible negative impacts in this region. Among the most relevant points observed is the continued use of one‑use plastic both by the resident and the tourist population. Besides the positive perception of tourism by the interviewees, we observed an increase in negative environmental impact as a result of diverse activities. In conclusion, managing waste and awareness programmes for both the resident and the tourist population are key factors for sustainable tourism and a respectful relationship with Faro's environment and local culture

Tourism and its environmental implications: analysis from the observation of tourist use - the case of Faro, Portugal

O desenvolvimento do turismo, na região do Algarve, foi um importante ativador de transformações que culminaram em vantagens económicas e oportunidades dentro e fora do sector turístico. Contudo, o impacte ambiental e a sua implicação social nem sempre são percebidos de forma idónea. O presente estudo refere‑se a uma análise do uso turístico realizado na Ria Formosa em Faro, em conjunto com os registos de impactes ambientais. Esta pesquisa permitiu entender a necessidade de um acompanhamento dos possíveis impactes negativos na região. Entre os pontos relevantes encontrados, destaca‑se o uso continuado de utensílios plásticos entre a população residente e a indústria turística. Apesar da boa aceitação e percepção positiva do turismo, observam‑se crescentes impactes ambientais gerados pela contaminação de diferentes atividades. Conclui‑se que a gestão de resíduos, unida à conscienlização populacional e turística são fatores‑ ‑chaves para o turismo sustentável, respeitoso com o meio e com a cultura local de Faro.The tourist development in the Algarve represented an important element of change offering significant economic advantages and opportunities for tourism and other sectors. However, the environmental impacts and its social implication are not always ideally perceived. The present study refers to an analysis of Ria Formosa’s uses of tourism in Faro, with an associated evaluation of possible environmental impact registers. The results reinforce the need to evaluate the possible negative impacts in this region. Among the most relevant of the points observed is the contunued use of one‑use plastic both in the resident and the tourist population. Besides the positive perception of tourism by the interviewees, we observed an increase in negative environmental impact as the result of diverse activities. In conclusion, the management of waste and awareness programmes for both the resident and the tourist population are key factors for sustainable tourism and a respectful relationship with the environment and local culture of Faro

A review of common parameters and descriptors used in studies of the impacts of heavy metal pollution on marine macroalgae: identification of knowledge gaps and future needs

This study presents a systematic review to assess the main similarities and gaps in efforts to evaluate the impacts of heavy metals on benthic marine seaweeds. A total of 91 studies were compiled, the main parameters (abiotic, biological, ecotoxicological, and heavy metals) and descriptors of which were evaluated by quantitative and qualitative analyses. Our results indicate the importance of diversifying searches by including different languages (i.e. English, Portuguese and Spanish). Most of the studies were field characterizations, with few abiotic parameters and/or seasonality evaluations being employed. In contrast, the assessment of ecotoxicological parameters was highly frequent, which seems incoherent considering the absence of data to support the use of these results in biomonitoring applications. The genera Sargassum, Ulva and Enteromorpha were widely studied worldwide, apart from a small fraction of studies assessing higher levels of biological organization. Moreover, the use of different parameters and descriptors by the evaluated studies precludes making conclusive or reliable comparisons. These findings highlight the importance of greater efforts to construct a concise baseline of knowledge using similar parameters so that global evaluations of the impacts of heavy metals on photosynthetic organisms can be undertaken.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mar de lama: os efeitos dos desastres de mineração sobre as florestas submersas do Atlântico Sul - caso dos rejeitos do desastre de Mariana (MG, Brasil)

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2020.Atividades antrópicas são as principais responsáveis pela introdução de metais traço poluentes em ambientes marinhos-costeiros. Estes elementos são substâncias persistentes, capazes de induzir efeitos de toxicidade para macroalgas bentônicas. Recentes eventos extremos de poluição, como a deposição de rejeitos de mineração na costa brasileira do Espírito Santo, merecem investigação cuidadosa quanto à extensão dos impactos gerados. A presente tese está estruturada em quatro capítulos, e traz a discussão dos impactos de metais traço de rejeitos de mineração sobre a fisiologia macroalgas bentônicas. O primeiro capítulo refere-se à revisão sistemática de estudos ecotoxicológicos com macroalgas, descrevendo o esforço e a replicabilidade dos descritores utilizados na avaliação dos impactos. De acordo com os resultados, existem lacunas no esforço de avaliação de parâmetros abióticos. Também são observadas diferenças no uso de descritores fisiológicos e bioquímicos entre os estudos. Entretanto, o gênero Sargassum é um modelo biológico mundialmente aplicado, e por ser o gênero formador de florestas submersas do Atlântico Sul, merece atenção como modelo para descrição dos impactos de rejeitos de mineração. O segundo capítulo avaliou experimentalmente os danos ocasionados pelo rejeito do acidente da barragem de Fundão sobre a fisiologia de duas algas estruturadoras, Sargassum cymosum e Hypnea pseudomusciformis. As algas foram expostas individualmente e em condição associativa (relação de epifitismo), em tratamentos com e sem a presença do rejeito. Foram observados efeitos negativos para ambas as algas, e que a composição de elementos e suas respectivas concentrações podem ter induzido a resposta fisiológica dos organismos. Também foi observada a redução do pH da água pela presença do rejeito, o que poderia ter influenciado as respostas obtidas. Com isto, o terceiro capítulo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a relação entre a toxicidade dos metais e a alteração de pH induzida pela presença do rejeito de mineração. As mesmas espécies foram expostas individualmente e em associação, a quatro tratamentos: sem rejeito e pH normal da água do mar, alta concentração de rejeito e baixo pH, baixa concentração de rejeito e pH normal, e sem rejeito e baixo pH. Os resultados evidenciaram que o efeito da acidificação pode ser tão ou mais deletério à fisiologia de ambas as espécies do que o próprio rejeito, influenciando inclusive a sua relação de epifitismo. Por isto, monitoramentos dos parâmetros abióticos e das interações biológicas devem ser fomentados. No quarto capítulo são discutidos aspectos da legislação ambiental brasileira e ações de conservação do ambiente marinho costeiro. A legislação brasileira prevê mecanismos de monitoramento e prevenção de acidentes com barragens de mineração. Entretanto, problemas de fiscalização contribuem para a ocorrência de acidentes. Ainda que medidas de responsabilização e restauração sejam propostas, as ações para o ambiente marinho costeiro afetado pelos rejeitos demoraram a ser implementadas, evidenciando urgência em melhorias na agilidade dos processos. Também se ressalta a grande produção de dados de monitoramento dos impactos, mas há a necessidade de aprimoramento em divulgação da informação. Por fim, o comprometimento com o monitoramento das áreas afetadas é fundamental para o alinhamento aos objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável da ONU e a conservação dos recursos naturais marinhos. Os resultados experimentais demonstram que há a necessidade de maior monitoramento de parâmetros fisiológicos e estudos da interação de parâmetros abióticos, e os efeitos destes sobre a resistência de algas bentônicas e suas interações biológicas. Estes descritores podem ser discutidos e inclusos na legislação, para fomento de medidas mais eficazes de monitoramento e ações de restauração ambiental em áreas impactadas por rejeitos de mineração na costa brasileira.Abstract: Anthropic activities are responsible to introduce trace metals in coastal marine ecosystems. These metallic elements are persistent substances able to induce toxic effects over benthic seaweeds. Recent extreme events of pollution such as the deposition of mining rejects in the Brazilian coastal area of Espírito Santo state deserve carefull investigation, concerned to the environmental impacts produced. The present thesis includes four chapters, highlighting the impacts from trace metals of mining rejects in the physiology of benthic marine seaweeds. The first chapter refers to a systematic literature review of ecotoxicological seaweeds? studies data and describe the efforts and replicability of descriptors to impacts? evaluation. Our results showed the blancks in efforts to evaluate abiotic parameters. We also observed differences among the efforts to apply physiological or biochemical descriptors. However, was observed that Sargassum genus is a worldwide well recognized biological model and considering its role in structuring the submerse forests in the South Atlantic, must receive attention as a model to investigate the impacts of mining rejects. The second chapter experimentally evaluated the damages caused by mining rejects from Fundão mining accident in the physiology of two structuring seaweeds, Sargassum cymosum and Hypnea pseudomusciformis. Both algae were exposed indivually and simulating the epiphytic interaction, and tretatments were the presence or absence of the reject. Negative effects were obtained for both species and was suggested that the metallic profile and elements concentration were responsible to induces the physiological responses. Additionally, was observed a reduction in the pH scale due to the reject presence. With this, the third chapter was proposed to evaluate the relationship between the metallic toxicity and the pH alteration. The same species were exposed individually or in epiphytic relationship, and to four treatments: without reject and normal seawater pH, high mud concentration and low pH, intermediate mud concentration and normal pH, and witouht reject and low pH. Results evidenced that acidification effect was quite or more harmful to algae physiology than the mining reject properly, influencing the epiphytic relationship. With this, abiotic parameters and biotic interactions monitoring should be estimulated. In the fouth chapter, the aspects of brazilian?s environmental law and actions for coastal marine areas conservation are discussed. The brazilian?s law contains the protocols to monitor and prevent mining accidents. Unfortunately, the failures in fiscalization can be indicated as responsible to accidents? occurrence. Even the responsibility process is executed, and restoration actions planned, for the marine coastal areas the delay in implement effective actions evidence the urgency in improve the agility in environmental process execution. Moreover, it is important to evidence that even monitoring data have been produced is still necessary improve the dissemination of results. In conclusion, the compromise in monitoring the impacted areas is fundamental to attach the sustainable development goals from ONU and to conserve marine resources. Our experimental results demonstrate the need for better monitoring of physiological parameters and for studies of the interaction of biotic parameters, and their effects in the resistance of benthic algae and their biological interactions. These descriptors can be discussed and included in environmental legislation to increase the efficacy in monitoring and restoring actions in marine areas impacted by mining rejects in the Brazilian coast

Effects of ocean warming and pollution on Sargassum forests

The combined effects of climate change and ocean pollution have resulted in a noteworthy decline of canopyforming species, impacting marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning significantly. In this context, Sargassum cymosum, which is widely distributed along the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, serves as an excellent model among canopy-forming species to investigate these impacts on populations in different regions and environmental conditions. Here, we evaluate the ecophysiological responses of two populations of S. cymosum, from Florianopolis (warm-temperate province; WTP) and Fernando de Noronha (tropical province, TP), through of interaction of temperatures and nutrient concentrations, representing marine heatwaves and acute pollution levels. Our findings revealed a decrease in biomass in both populations, highlighting the significance of nutrient enrichment as an anthropogenic filter that might potentially inhibit the expansion of the populations from tropical regions and temperature for WTP ones. These stressors directly impacted the physiological performance of S. cymosum populations, including relative growth rates, photosynthesis, chlorophylls, carotenoids and phenolic compound levels. Although there was an increase in both parameters for the TP population, a significant loss of biomass was observed, with growth rates reaching -1.5% per day. Our results highlight the need for urgent actions to manage the eutrophication process due to its negative association with global warming, which can enhance the impacts and preclude the settlement and survival of Sargassum in warm-temperate areas considering the observed and predicted tropicalization process.CNPq- PVE fellowship 310793/2018-01, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) 407365/2013-3, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF) 426215/2016-8, FAPESC/2022TR454info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J. V. Lamour. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) responses to gasoline short-term exposure: biochemical and cellular alterations

ABSTRACT Presence of toxic compounds in marine coastal waters has increased exponentially since Industrial Revolution. In this way, we aimed to evaluate biochemical and physiological changes occurring within Hypnea musciformis after short-term exposure to gasoline. Hypnea musciformis was cultivated without gasoline and then exposed to various concentrations of it (0.001 % - 1.0 %, v/v) for periods of 30 min, 1 h, 12 h and 24 h. A Pricncipal Compound Analysis of UV-vis spectral window (200-700 nm) was able to discriminate gasoline-exposed samples according to both exposure time and gasoline concentration. Changes in carotenoid profile composition were observed. Decreased carotenoid content was associated to gasoline exposure time, being lutein and trans-β-carotene the major compounds found. Higher gasoline concentrations negatively interfered with phenolic compounds accumulation. In addition, increased gasoline concentrations corresponded to decreased intracellular starch grains content as well as increased its deposition on cell wall external surface. Data obtained allow us to conclude that gasoline can damage Hypnea musciformis physiology and cell morphology. This is important, considering Hypnea musciformis carotenoids and phenolics are potential biomarkers of environmental stress investigated, as well as its increased cell wall thickness to avoid gasoline diffusion