エチオピアの製造業部門における経営技能研修と海外からの学習の役割

政策分析プログラム / Policy Analysis Program政策研究大学院大学 / National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies論文審査委員: 園部 哲史（主査）, 大山 達雄, 大塚 啓二郎, 山野 峰, 鈴木 綾, 戸堂 康之（東京大学

Anonymity of distance? Job search and labour market exclusion in a growing African city

Do obstacles to job search contribute to labour market exclusion in developing countries? To answer this question, we contrast two very different interventions, designed to alleviate spatial and informational constraints for unemployed youth in a congested African city: a transport subsidy and a job-application workshop. Both treatments have large positive effects on the probability of finding stable and formal jobs. Neither treatment has a significant average effect on the overall probability of employment, but we detect a sizeable increase in earnings and employment rates among the most disadvantaged job-seekers. Our results highlight the importance of job-search constraints as mechanisms for exclusion of the most disadvantaged. They also show that, if targeted well, low-cost interventions can have large impacts, improving equity in the labour marke

Disease-Related Knowledge and Practices of Tuberculosis Patients

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS) strategy for effective control of TB. Disease-related knowledge, beliefs and practices need to be recognized to tailor the DOTS strategy into the local norms. This study was performed with two objectives: i) to assess TB-related knowledge among TB patients in two rural hospitals in Ethiopia, ii) to assess the practices that contribute to delay in the initiation of anti-TB treatment. METHODS: The study was conducted between June 2000 and May 2001.Two hundred twenty two known adult TB patients attending TB clinics in Jimma and Hossana hospitals were interviewed on their knowledge, attitude and practice related to TB using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Patients belonged to 14 ethnic groups. RESULTS: Sixty percent (134/222) were female. The average family size of patients was 5.3. The number of illiterate female patients was greater than that of males (p = 0.002). Only 36% (80/222) of patients gave a correct response on the transmission of TB. Similarly, only 34 % (76/222) knew about symptoms indicative of TB. Hundred and fifty (67.5 %) patients sought medical help after experiencing TB indicative symptoms for more than one month. Age, sex, education, occupation, and religion did not affect TBrelated knowledge. Thirty-seven (16.7 %) patients used traditional medicine for at least one week before they came to a health institution. The diagnosis of TB had a negative social impact. Forty-eight (21.6 %) patients were either divorced, expelled from their family, abandoned by friends, or lost job. CONCLUSION: Health education targeting basic concepts on the transmission of TB and also targeting the need for early diagnosis is important in TB control. TB control programs may need to include traditional healers into the control strategy to refer patients with specific symptoms.Ethiop J Health Sci. Vol. 13, No. 1 January 72 200

Marker-trait association analysis of functional gene markers for provitamin A levels across diverse tropical yellow maize inbred lines

Background: Biofortification of staple crops is a cost effective and sustainable approach that can help combat vitamin A and other micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. PCR -based DNA markers distinguishing alleles of three key genes of maize endosperm carotenoid biosynthesis (PSY1, lcyE and crtRB1) have been developed to facilitate maize provitamin A biofortification via marker assisted selection. Previous studies of these functional DNA markers revealed inconsistent effects. The germplasm previously employed for discovering and validating these functional markers was mainly of temperate origin containing low frequencies of the favourable allele of the most significant polymorphism, crtRB1-5'TE. Here, we investigate the vitamin A biofortification potential of these DNA markers in a germplasm panel of diverse tropical yellow maize inbred lines, with mixed genetic backgrounds of temperate and tropical germplasm to identify the most effective diagnostic markers for vitamin A biofortification. Results: The functional DNA markers crtRB1-5'TE and crtRB1-3'TE were consistently and strongly associated with provitamin A content across the tropical maize inbred lines tested. The alleles detected by these two functional markers were in high linkage disequilibrium (R-2 = 0.75) and occurred in relatively high frequency (18%). Genotypes combining the favourable alleles at the two loci (N = 20) displayed a 3.22 fold average increase in beta-carotene content compared to those genotypes lacking the favourable alleles (N = 106). The PSY1 markers were monomorphic across all of the inbred lines. The functional DNA markers for lcyE were associated with lutein, and with the ratio of carotenoids in the alpha and beta branches, but not with provitamin A levels. However, the combined effects of the two genes were stronger than their individual effects on all carotenoids. Conclusions: Tropical maize inbred lines harbouring the favourable alleles of the crtRB1-5'TE and 3'TE functional markers produce higher levels of provitamin A. Such maize lines can be used as donor parents to speed up the development of provitamin A biofortified tropical maize varieties adapted to growing conditions and consumer preferences, providing a route towards mitigation of vitamin A malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa

Matching firms and workers in a field experiment in Ethiopia

Do matching frictions affect youth employment in developing countries? We organise job fairs in Addis Ababa, to match firms with a representative sample of young, educated job-seekers. We create very few jobs: one for approximately 10 firms that attended. We explore reasons for this, and find significant evidence for mismatched expectations: about wages, about firms requirements and about the average quality of job-seekers. We find evidence of learning and updating of beliefs in the aftermath of the fair. This changes behaviour: both workers and firms invest more in formal job search after the fair

Biomedical waste disposal systems of health facilities in Ethiopia

Background: Biomedical waste generated from health and health-related activities can be grouped as general waste and hazardous waste. This remains true if and only if there is proper on-site handling, such as the segregation and separation of waste based on the type and nature of the source. Methods: A stratified random sampling design was used to provide representative results for Ethiopia, for various types of facility and management authorities, and for each of the 11 regions. Totally, 1327 health facilities were assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) inventory tools. Results: Nationally, medical waste in 32.6% of the studied health facilities was stored in covered containers, and in about 27% of them it was stored in another protected environment. About 40% of health facilities stored their medical waste in unprotected areas. Twenty-eight (2.6%) and 420 (39.3%) health facilities used 2-chamber industrial incinerators and 1-chamber drum incinerators, respectively. About 58% of health facilities used unsafe waste treatment methods. The proportion of using safe medical waste disposal method was high in referral hospitals (87.9%). This shows the utilization of safe medical waste disposal methods is in decreasing order from higher to lower levels of organization in health facilities. Conclusion: The present study showed a preliminary finding on the waste disposal systems of health facilities at the national level. Dumping biomedical waste outside the health facility is common, and access to common waste facilities is limited. Therefore, a holistic approach to safe medical waste management practices, including the collection process (handling, sorting, and segregation), storage, treatment and final disposal is crucial in all types of health facilities, regardless of the level of organization, ownership, or geographic distribution. Keywords: Health Facility, Biomedical Waste, Disposal, Incinerator, Ethiopi

Management Practices, Self-Selection into Management Training Participation, and Training Effects in the Garment Industry in Ethiopia

経済学 / EconomicsMany observational studies of micro and small enterprises have found that enterprise performance and education levels of entrepreneurs are positively associated. Does it follow that entrepreneurs\u27 management capacities depend on their academic achievements? This paper examines what types of entrepreneurs participated in a managerial training program held in Ethiopia, who benefited more from the program, and who had better management knowledge before the program. We find that highly educated entrepreneurs were more willing to learn about management, more knowledgeable about management, and gaining more from the training program, but that such simple relationships are missing among entrepreneurs operating larger enterprises.JEL Classification Codes: O12, O15, M13, L2http://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/sonobe_tetsushi

Determinants of full valid vaccine dose administration among 12-32 months children in Ethiopia: Evidence from the Ethiopian 2012 national immunization coverage survey

Introduction: According to the 2012 national immunization coverage survey report of Ethiopia, EPI coverage by antigen is 79.6% for BCG, 80.0% for DPT-HepB-Hib1 90.1% for OPV1 65.7%; for adjusted DPT-HepB-Hib 3; 65.7 % for OPV3 and 68.2% for Measles. Similarly, the prevalence of full vaccination was 50%. However, the prevalence of valid vaccination dose for all vaccines is 18.6 %. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify factors that determine the administration of full valid vaccines dose to set effective interventions.Methods: Data was obtained from the 2012 Immunization Coverage survey of Ethiopia, a cross- sectional study administered at the household level. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Binary and multivariate logistic regression with 95% CI was done to assess factors associated with getting full valid vaccination dose. Results: As documented from the 2012 national immunization coverage survey, the coverage of full valid vaccination dose were very low as compared to full immunization coverage that is 18.6% Vs 50%, respectively. Urban residence 2.6 (95% CI: 2.50, 2.68), mothers with age groups of 21-34 and >35 were 1.26 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.29) and 2.4 (95% CI: 2.3, 2.44); children with caretakers with primary, secondary, and higher level of education were 1.6 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.29), 2.8 (95% CI: 2.76, 2.92), and 2.2 (95% CI: 2.13, 2.27) times more likely to get valid vaccination dose.Conclusion: The rich wealth quintile, rural place of residence, living more than 5km proximity to nearest health facility, having more than six sibling, having teenage (<20years old) mother, having mother with no formal education, having mother/ care giver with no card or family folder which state children vaccination status sources, and having mother who did not heard a message about importance of vaccine were found to be the independent determinants of low valid dose immunization. The efforts at all level to increase full valid vaccination coverage by targeting activities to socio-economic, socio-demographic, organizational, and related determinants. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2016;30(3):135-141]Keywords: Valid dose, vaccination, Ethiopi

Service availability and readiness for major non-communicable diseases at health facilities in Ethiopia

Introduction: No assessment was conducted previously in Ethiopia to monitor, review and evaluate the availability and readiness of health facilities for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Thus, the present study aims to provide evidence on service availability and readiness for NCDs in Ethiopia