Inclusion-dependent mechanism of modification of cyclodextrins with heterocycles

Mono(6-deoxy-dimethylpyridinium)- -cyclodextrins have been synthesized in reaction of mono (p-toluenesulfonyl) derivative of –cyclodextrin with the appropriate lutidine under microwave irradiation and conventional conditions. The results indicate that the mechanism consists of inclusion complex formation

The importance of earliness for creating new MS f-1 pepper hybrids

Cvikic D., N. Pavlovic, M. Brdar and Z. Girek (2010): The importance of earliness for crating new msF1 pepper hybrids - Genetika, Vol 42, No. 3, 521-528. Breeding new line pepper genotypes is an important goal for the Institute for Vegetable Crops, Smederevska Palanka. Years of selection resulted in great number of varieties, however, the selection of F-1 pepper hybrids started recently. Pepper F-1 hybrids have proved to be better than cultivars in the terms of earliness, yield, plant uniformity, pathogen resistance etc. Considering significant heterosis values for earliness, this paper deals with the genetic analysis of F-1 and F-2 pepper hybrids, obtained by crossing four lines, including ms line HM-6

Shoot and root dry weight in drought exposed tomato populations

This research was conducted with the aim to among forty-one tested tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) populations distinguish those tolerant to limited water supply. Tolerance assessments were performed by using sixteen drought stress selection indices calculated on the basis of tomato shoot and root dry weight yields determined at water stress and non-stress conditions. Populations were differentiated in groups using the method of cluster analysis. The pot experiment was set in controlled greenhouse conditions and comprised optimally irrigated control and drought treatment (35.0 and 20.9% volumetric soil water content, respectively), imposed at the phase of intensive vegetative growth. The experiment was conducted at the Institute for Vegetable Crops in Smederevska Palanka, Serbia. The analyzed tomatoes exhibited significant differences in terms of response to limited irrigation, which had more pronounced effect on shoot dry weight than on the roots (average decrease of 64.4 and 35.7%, respectively). Consequently, root fraction in the total dry weight increased at drought for 68.2% on average. Shoot and root dry weights were positively correlated at optimal irrigation but not in drought, implying genotypic differences in terms of root adjustments to stress conditions. As for the calculated selection indices, substantial variation was found among the populations enabling their ranking in terms of drought tolerance. Since ranking was not the same in all cases, clustering the populations was performed taking into account all sixteen selection indices. The results of this analysis indicate that populations designated with numbers 126, 124, 131, 125, 128, 105, 101, 138, 110, 132 and 109 in Institute for Vegetable Crops germplasm collection exhibit satisfactory level of drought tolerance at vegetative phase and therefore may be used as parents in breeding programs

Procena tolerantnosti paradajza na sušu na osnovu selekcionih indeksa

This study was aimed to assess drought tolerance in twelve tomato populations collected in the territory of Serbia and to investigate relationships and repeatability among sixteen drought tolerance indices. Drought tolerance was estimated at the stage of intensive vegetative growth, on the basis of dry weight yield determined at optimal and limited irrigation (volumetric soil water content of 35.0 and 20.9%, respectively). The trial was set in pots placed in the greenhouse. Significant differences were found among populations in terms of all considered parameters; populations G125, G105 and G104 performed well in both irrigation regimes. High repeatability was found between the selection indices TOL and SSPI, STI and GMP, DWdr and YI, and among SI, SSI, RDI, SDI and RD. Principal component analysis allows simultaneous evaluation of populations and interpretation of interrelationships among the indices; it may be recommended as a method of choice for data analysis in further studies on drought tolerance in tomato.Ogled je postavljen sa ciljem procene tolerantnosti na sušu dvanaest populacija paradajza prikupljenih na teritoriji Srbije, kao i sa ciljem ispitivanja šesnaest selekcionih indeksa koji se koriste za tu procenu. Tolerantnost na sušu je utvrđena u fazi intenzivnog vegetativnog rasta, na osnovu prinosa suve materije izmerenog u uslovima optimalne i ograničene obezbeđenosti vodom (zapreminski procenat sadržaja vlage u zemljištu 35,0% odnosno 20,9%). Ogled je postavljen u saksijama smeštenim u staklenik. Konstatovane su značajne razlike među populacijama u pogledu svih izučavanih parametara; za populacije G125, G105 i G104 je utvrđen visok prinos suve materije u oba režima zalivanja. Visok stepen ponovljivosti je zabeležen za TOL i SSPI, STI i GMP, DWdr i YI, kao i između SI, SSI, RDI, SDI i RD. Metod glavnih komponenata je omogućio istovremeno vrednovanje populacija i interpretaciju veza između indeksa. Zato može da se preporuči za analizu podataka u budućim istraživanjima koja se tiču tolerantnosti paradajza na sušu

Evaluation of maize grain yield and yield stability by ammi analysis

Significant genotype x environment interaction for quantitative traits, such is grain yield, reduces the usefulness of genotype means, over all environments, for selecting superior genotypes. AMMI model is a valuable statistical tool in identifying systemic variation contained in the interaction effect. Obtained data could be applied in maximizing yield potential in every environment based on both narrow and wide genotype adaptability, without the necessity of developing breeding programs for smaller targeted environments. Precise assortment of superior genotypes, with the assistance of AMMI model, leads to the better recommendation of newly bred hybrids, and thus increasing maize grain yield in a targeted environment. In this research genotype x environment interaction and yield stability of 36 maize hybrids of FAO 300-700 maturity group was investigating. The trial was set according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data were processed in order to obtain average estimates of grain yield, and yield stability was assessed by the method of AMMI analysis. The highest average grain yield was achieved in 2011 (11.62 t/ha), and the lowest in the most stressful and dry 2012 (6.90 t/ha). In the region Loznica L2 the highest average yield was noticed (13.81 t/ha), while at L7 (Sremska Mitrovica) average grain yield was the lowest (6.97 t/ha). Results of AMMI analysis gave precise recommendation for production of maize hybrids in certain environments, by determining winning areas of hybrids H20, H11 and H36. Medium early maturing and high yielding hybrids (H11 and H20) are therefore considered more favorable for production in environments with lower precipitation, while high yielding and more stable hybrids H21 and H35 are suitable for a wider range of environments. Hybrid H36 (FAO 700) showed its full potential at L2, and L3 which did not suffer from a lack of moisture. This hybrid also expressed its best potential in environments with favorable conditions

Ammi model in the analysis of genotype by environment interaction of conventionally and organically grown onion

This study was aimed to assess the stability of direct yield components (bulb weight and number plot-1) and other yield contributing characteristics (bulb diameter, height and index, neck diameter and length, plant height, emergence and vegetation period) in five commercial onion cultivars grown in conventional and organic environments, by employing additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) statistical model in data analysis. The two-year field trial organized in complete randomized blocks included the plots maintained in four regimes: mineral fertilization (conventional), without fertilization, fertilization with farmyard manure and with bacterial fertilizer (organic). Each treatment by year combination was considered as an environment. Analysis of variance of AMMI model calculated for the investigated traits showed that all sources of variation (genotypes, environments, genotype by environment interaction) were highly significant. The largest proportions of the total sum of squares were encompassed by environments, except for emergence and bulb index with the pronounced effect of genotypes (67.26 and 52.54%, respectively) and neck length with the genotype by environment interaction amounting 44.59%. Generally, the effects of the interactions were in the common range. The AMMI model with two axes was concluded as the best model for the investigated traits. Onions grown in conventional system outperformed the organic ones. However, good performance of the genotypes was accompanied with low stability across the environments and vice versa. Therefore breeding programs intended to develop cultivars adapted to alternative production systems should rely on the experiments set in the corresponding environments that include various combinations of genotypes and agro-technical procedures based on the principles of organic agriculture

Supstrati za organsku proizvodnju rasada paradajza

One of the main tasks for every certified organic vegetable producer is to grow healthy and well-developed transplants. The aim of this study was to examine different substrates designed for the production of organic tomato transplants. On the basis of preliminary experiments, seven substrates consisting of different parts of natural peat, vermicompost, shrub and tree leaves compost and zeolites were compared with standard commercial substrates using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) transplants grown in pots. The data concerning plant height, number of leaves, fresh plant mass, appearance of flower buds were collected. The differences in the examined traits were not significant for the majority of substrates. The zeolite-based substrate with high peat and vermicompost content achieved the best results and its production for the market should be considered. Three zeolite-based substrates with high rates of vermicompost and compost should be used as a model for tomato transplants substrate preparation.Jedan od glavnih zadataka svakog sertifikovanog proizvođača organskog povrća je da odgaji dobro razvijen rasad. Ispitivanje različitih supstrata dizajniranih za organsku proizvodnju rasada paradajza bio je glavni cilj ovog istraživanja. Na osnovu rezultata prethodnih istraživanja, pripremljeno je sedam smeša supstrata sastavljenih od različitih udela prirodnog treseta, glistenjaka, kompostiranog lišća drveća i žbunja i prirodnih zeolita i upoređeno sa standardnim komercijalnim supstratima. Prikupljeni su podaci koji su se odnosili na visinu biljke, broj listova po biljci, masu sveže biljke i pojavu cvetnih pupoljaka. Za većinu ispitivanih mešavina zabeležene razlike nisu bile statistički značajne u poređenju sa komercijalnim supstratima. Kod mešavine supstrata na bazi zeolita sa visokim sadržajem treseta i glistenjaka zabeleženi su najbolji rezultati. Ova smeša bi mogla da bude ponuđena kao gotov proizvod na tržištu. Tri smeše na bazi zeolita sa visokim sadržajem glistenjaka i komposta trebalo bi da posluže kao model za pripremu supstrata namenjenih sertifikovanoj organskoj proizvodnji

Generation mean analysis of yield components and yield in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.)

Tomato yield depends on two components viz., fruit weight and number of fruit per flower branch. These traits are quantitative and therefore influenced by multiple genes. The objective of this study was to estimate the main gene effects ( additive, dominant and digenic epistasis) and to determine the mode of inheritance for yield components and yield in three tomato cross combinations by generation mean analysis. The trial included genotypes differing in morphology and yield: line DAT, cultivar SP-109 and local population KGZ. The analyzed genotypes belong to tomato germplasm collection of the Institute for Vegetable Crops, Smederevska Palanka, Serbia. Six families per hybrid, including parents, have been tested. Besides, the additive and dominance gene effects, non-allelic gene interactions have been detected for yield components and yield. Duplicate type of epistasis was confirmed for fruit weight and yield in all cases characterized by significant dominance and dominance/dominance effects, which diminishes the effect of dominant genes and makes breeding for yield increase more difficult. Therefore, number of fruits per flower branch increase would be the most efficient strategy for increasing tomato yielding ability

Mode of inheritance and ammi analysis of onion (allium cepa l.) Bulb traits

The success in growing agricultural plants depends on genotype grown, environment and growing technology applied. The impacts of these factors should not be studied separately. Interaction among genotypes and environment was crucial for breeding work and improvement of variety characteristics. Very often in production practice it happens that when comparing the same varieties in different soil and weather conditions they are ranked differently. One of the key aims set at the breeders is breeding for the traits of wide adaptability and calculating of the complex components of genetic variance which is the main condition for successful breeding program such as breeding for increased yield and yield components. Trial was set up at random block system in five repetitions. Ten onion genotypes from the Institute for Vegetable Crops germplasm were used in this trial. After choosing the most stabile genotypes, they were crossed by applying full diallel without reciprocals. Then, a field trial was set up with parents and hybrids of F-1 and F-2 generation. The experiment has been set up at the trial field of the Institute for Vegetable Crops in Smederevska Palanka, for three years. The best adaptability in the experiment, for mass of the onion bulb had genotypes Makoi bronzi and Holandski zuti, while for average yield, it was Jasenicki crveni. Also, components of genetic variance in both progeny generations were calculated for mass, yield and height of fresh bulb. The most common heredity mode for mass and yield of the bulb was super-domination and domination of a better parent

Prinosi korena organske cvekle i rotkve gajenih u čistom i združenom usevu

Despite numerous positive effects on the environment, increased demands, intense research, and adequate public attention, crops grown according to the principles of organic production still occupy considerably small areas. It is difficult for certified producers to decide to expand the production of certified organic vegetables. One of the reasons is the insufficiently developed growing technology of different vegetable species in accordance with the law and regulations on organic production. Intercropping, growing of subsequent crops, and application of microbiological fertilizers are considered as the most useful techniques for yield increases in sustainable growing practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities for enhancing root yield of beetroot and radish, when grown as second crops in an organic double-cropping production system. The effects of intercropping and applying microbial fertilizers on the vegetable root weights were assessed. Intercropping was with green beans, implemented by replacement series method. Two microbial fertilizers were applied, one containing selected strains of Bacillus megatherium, B. licheniformis, B. suptilis, Azotobacter chrocoocum, A. vinelandi and Derxia sp. (M1), and other with Bacillus subtilis, Azotobacter sp., Penicillium oxalicum and Fusarium sp. (M2). Intercropping and microbial fertilizers contributed to the root weight increase. The highest root weights were noted for the intercropped plants treated with M1 (beetroot, 151.8 g) and M2 (radish, 351.0 g), which was 23.5% and 15.5% higher than in the sole crop unfertilized control. The results imply combining intercropping and the appropriate microbial fertilizers as an effective strategy for increasing yields of organically grown beetroot and radish.Uprkos brojnim pozitivnim efektima na životnu sredinu, povećanoj tražnji, intenzivnim istraživanjima i adekvatnoj pažnji javnosti, usevi uzgajani po principima organske proizvodnje i dalje zauzimaju prilično male površine. Certifikovani proizvođači teško se odlučuju na proširenje proizvodnje certifikovanog organskog povrća. Jedan od razloga je nedovoljno razvijena tehnologija gajenja različitih vrsta povrća u skladu sa Zakonom i propisima o organskoj proizvodnji. Združivanje, gajenje postrnih useva i primena mikrobioloških đubriva smatraju se najkorisnijim tehnikama za povećanje prinosa u održivim sistemima zemljoradnje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi mogućnost povećanja prinosa korena cvekle i rotkve gajenih postrno u združenom usevu po metodama organske proizvodnje. Praćeni su efekti združivanja i primene mikrobioloških đubriva na masu korena. Združivanje cvekle i rotkve sa boranijom obavljeno je po metodi zamenjujućih serija. U ogledu su korišćena dva mikrobiološka đubriva od kojih jedno sadrži odabrane sojeve Bacillus megaterium, B. licheniformis, B. suptilis, Azotobacter chrocoocum, A. vinelandi i Derxia sp. (M1), a drugo: Bacillus subtilis, Azotobacter sp., Penicillium oxalicum i Fusarium sp. (M2). Združivanje i mikrobiološka đubriva doprineli su povećanju mase korena. Najveća masa korena zabeležena je u združenom usevu cvekle kod tretmana mikrobiološkim đubrivom M1 (151,8g) i u združenom usevu rotkve kod tretmana mikrobiološkim đubrivom M2 (351,0g), što je bilo za 23,5% i 15,5% više u poređenju sa čistim usevima na tretmanima bez đubrenja. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su uporedo primenjeno združivanje i odgovarajuća mikrobiološka đubriva delotvorna strategija za postizanje većih prinosa cvekle i rotkve u organskom sistemu gajenja